MRI vs. CT Scans free essay sample

Registered tomography (CT) and attractive reverberation imaging (MRI) are both indicative tests that furnish us with high-goals photos of any territory of the body. The two tests use PCs to build pictures to see inside the body. Both of these tests are non-intrusive methods intended to give clinical experts a superior comprehension of the patient’s condition. There are, be that as it may, innate contrasts in these tests’ systems, advancement, and application (â€Å"What is the Difference Between CT and MRI? †). To put it plainly, figured tomography utilizes a refined form of X-beam gear to deliver a picture of the body. As the patient is gradually traveled through the machine, its X-Ray tube pivots around the body and sends shafts from all headings to a particular spot on the patient’s body. Since at any second its bars are bound to a â€Å"slice† of the body about as thick as a dime, CT Scans end the disarray coming about because of covering structure seen in regular X-beams. The device’s PC makes an interpretation of this data into a nitty gritty, cross-sectional image of the district being filtered (Marieb 8). The entirety of the photos can be spared as a gathering on a PC, and can likewise be printed out to demonstrate the outcomes to the patient (â€Å"Computed Tomography†). Conversely, a MRI delivers high-differentiate pictures for duplicate regions of our body. This method subjects the body to attractive fields multiple times more grounded that that of the earth’s. The MRI Pliura 2 fundamentally maps the body’s substance of hydrogen, the majority of which is in water. The patient basically lies in a chamber inside a tremendous magnet. At the point when the machine is turned on the body’s hydrogen atoms act like little magnets, turning like tops in the attractive field. Their vitality is likewise upgraded by the radio rushes of the machine, and when the machine is killed the vitality discharged is converted into a visual picture. X-ray recognizes our body’s tissues dependent on their water content, so it can separate between the greasy white issue and the more watery dark matter of the mind (Marieb 9). Both of these tests work distinctively and are more qualified for various kinds of findings (â€Å"CT Scan versus MRI†). A MRI should be possible for a wide range of reasons. For example, it is utilized to discover issues, for example, tumors, dying, injury, or contamination inside the body. MRI’s are regularly done to give more data about an issue seen by another kind of clinical picture (â€Å"Magnetic Resonance Imaging†). For instance, a MRI would be a physician’s best other option on the off chance that they expected to distinguish an infection inside the body that couldn't be seen by the CT Scanner (Shiel). The attractive field of the MRI permits it to accumulate data that can't be seen by different kinds of clinical imaging (â€Å"Magnetic Resonance Imaging†). In the interim, a CT examine can record pictures of bone, delicate tissue, and veins at the same time, offering an unmistakable bit of leeway over the MRI now and again. A CT Scan can likewise be utilized to control needle biopsies during medical procedure. For example, utilizing a CT Scan can permit cardiologists to see pictures of supply routes while never doing test testing. This effortless method significantly help doctors in diagnosing cardiovascular sicknesses, musculoskeletal issues, and particular sorts of malignant growth. In certain circumstances the CT would be the favored sweep of decision basically for its speed and constrained Pliura 3 limitations of the patient. Both of these sweeps offer novel points of interest for various circumstances. The particular zone of the body being seen is another fundamental perspective to consider when picking which sweep to utilize (Ryan). A MRI should be possible for various wounds managing the head. It can search for aneurysms, seeping of the cerebrum, or issues, for example, harm brought about by a stroke. The MRI can likewise discover harm of the optic nerves, alongside sound-related nerves of our ears (â€Å"Magnetic Resonance Imaging†). Since thick structures don't appear at all in a MRI, it peers effectively into the skull, empowering the sensitive nerve strands to be seen (Marieb 9). A spinal line injury can incite a doctor to arrange a MRI rather than a CT Scan (â€Å"Magnetic Resonance Imaging†). For example, numerous sclerosis plaques inside the spinal string don't appear well in CT Scans, however are brilliantly clear in a MRI (Marieb 9). Also, the MRI will check the plates and nerves of the spine for conditions, for example, protruding circles, herninated plates, or spinal tumors (â€Å"Magnetic Resonance Imaging†). Conversely, CT Scans can be utilized to get pictures of the body in general, or certain parts, for example, the chest, midsection, pancreas, or appendage. For instance, a CT of the chest would search for issues with the lungs, heart, throat, or the tissues in the focal point of the chest (â€Å"Computed Tomography†). CT Scans are regularly used to take a full sweep of a patient’s midsection, and they are presently viewed as the cutting edge for assessing most issues that influence the mid-region (Marieb 8). Instead of a MRI, a CT of the arm or leg would take a gander at the delicate tissue, yet it would likewise inspect the veins and bones of that appendage also (â€Å"Computed Tomography†). Pliura 4 In spite of the fact that these front line advances furnish us with life-sparing data, the two of them have issues of their own (â€Å"CT Scan versus MRI†). The significant worry with a CT Scan is the radiation. At most extreme force, a CT Scan can give radiation equivalent to 600 chest X-beams. This can prompt the chance of malignant growth in certain patients (Ryan). Rebecca Bindman, teacher of radiology and one of the nation’s top specialists in the danger of radiographs, expresses that a 20-year elderly people ladies who gets a stomach pelvic CT Scan has a 1 of every 250 possibility of getting disease from that solitary sweep. The best gauges are that radiation from CT’s cause 29,000 overabundance malignant growths every year in the U. S. , and this is for the most part in ladies. About 60 million Americans will get a CT Scan in a given year, and a few specialists recommend more than 33% of these sweeps are superfluous. This prompts the acknowledgment that on the off chance that we could lessen the superfluous outputs, we might decrease disease (Wachter). Pregnant ladies are additionally not prescribe to get a CT for the a lot of radiation that could be presented to the baby. Now and again the X-beams of a CT Scan can really harm the DNA of the creating baby. Since the government has no guidelines on the measure of radiation a patient gets during a CT, the alluding doctor chooses the quality of the portion. This is the reason it’s basic a doctor has the most ideal comprehension to just give the essential measures of radiation (Ryan). In spite of the fact that the MRI maintains a strategic distance from radiation introduction, it’s not without issues either (Shiel). One of the ruins of this machine is that it makes a colossal measure of clamor during the output. The commotion seems like a persistent, quick pounding, and is because of the rising electrical flows being contradicted by the attractive field. Individuals who are pregnant or large frequently Pliura 5 can't fit into the MRI framework (â€Å"MRI: Advantages and Disadvantages†). This is because of the tight cylinder the patient must be embedded into. As a result of this a few patients experience a claustrophobic sensation during the method (Shiel). Truth be told, 30% of patients confess to having some degree of misery while having a MRI (â€Å"Claustrophobia and MRI†). The time required to finish a MRI assessment is additionally not something to be amped up for. While a CT Scan just takes 5 minutes, a MRI can in some cases assume control more than 30 minutes to get a precise read (â€Å"CT Scan vs. MRI†). Since the output takes such a long time, it expects patients to keep still for expanded timeframes. This is the reason newborn children regularly can't get a MRI; they can't keep still for a long enough period. Indeed, even slight developments of the part being checked can cause twisted pictures which implies the examining must be rehashed (â€Å"MRI: Advantages and Disadvantages†). The strategy of the two outputs have likenesses and contrasts between them. For example, both comprise of a complexity color that is infused into the output zone to improve the definition (Ragavan). Moreover, during the two systems a clinical chaperon will be close by if there should arise an occurrence of crisis (Shiel). A moving lounge chair is the thing that really moves the patient through the scanner of the two machines. In any case, with a CT the individual is traveled through a band that has the state of an enormous donut. While with a MRI, the moving lounge chair moves the patient through a chamber that almost encases the body. The scan’s results likewise contrast in the way that a CT’s results appear as a 2-dimensional picture, while the attraction of the MRI permits it to develop a 3-dimensional picture of the body (Ragavan). The expense of every method is another perspective to consider cautiously, particularly if the expense is coming using cash on hand. To lay out plainly, CT Scans are a lot less expensive than MRI’s. CT’s cost Pliura 6 somewhere in the range of $1,200-$3,200 while a MRI can cost up to $4,000. When in doubt, the MRI for the most part cost twofold what a CT Scan would cost. It turns into the patient’s decision with regards to whether they need to spend less on a lower-grade picture or more on a higher-grade picture. The expense of the machine itself likewise recognizes the two machines. An exceptionally low end CT Scanner costs around $150,000, while a best in class CT Scanner can cost in upwards of $450,000. This is a modest quantity when contrasted with the $1 Million dollars most new MRI machines cost. Besides, a portion of the highest point of-the-line MRI machines can cost nearly $1. 5 Million. Both the CT and MRI will require yearly upkeep, which can likewise cost a huge number of dollars (â€Å"CT Scan versus MRI†). Taking everything into account

Tata Steel Case Study Analysis Essay Example

Goodbye Steel Case Study Analysis Paper Presentation The Tata Group is an exceptionally huge gathering of organizations that rule advertises in India. The association has set up itself as an innovator in business sectors, for example, the carrier business, inn, programming, venture, and steel industry. There is a long history of corporate obligation inside the gathering, and it is nothing unexpected that all Tata organizations have embraced a Tata Code of Conduct just as numerous universal measures. Goodbye Steel is one of twenty-eight significant organizations inside the Tata Group. Established in 1907, it is the biggest private area steel organization in India. Tasks are spread the nation over, with the steel fabricating unit at Jamshedpur, and other assembling and mining exercises arranged in the conditions of Jarkhand and Orissa at eight areas. The Tata Group central command is situated in Mumbai, Maharastra. This paper gives a review and investigation of the bookkeeping issues that Tata Steel is confronted with in the wake of procuring a remote organization. Organization Profile Tata Steel, consolidated in 1907 by Shri Dorabji Tata, is Indias biggest private division steel organization having a place with the Tata Group. The organization fabricates completed steel, both long and level items like hot and cold moved loops and sheets, excited sheets, tubes, wire bars, development re-bars, rings and course. The organization showcases its items in brands like Tata Steelium, Tata Tiscon, Tata Pipes, and so forth. The organization is among the most minimal cost makers of steel on the planet. Its fundamental plant is situated in Jamshedpur, having an assembling limit of 5 MTPA (million ton for every annum) while its preparing units, hostage iron metal and coal mineshafts are situated in the conditions of Orissa, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Gujarat and West Bengal. We will compose a custom article test on Tata Steel Case Study Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Tata Steel Case Study Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Tata Steel Case Study Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer With its administrative center situated in Mumbai, the organization capacities through a system comprising of exchanging arms and activity and tasks destinations spread across nations in the mainlands of Asia, Europe and America. Aside from Steel there are six Strategic Business Units or divisions for Bearings, Ferro Alloys and Minerals, Rings and Agrico, Tata Growth Shop, Tubes, and Wires. It works in excess of 20 nations and has a business nearness in more than 50. In the previous hardly any years, Tata Steel has put resources into Corus (UK), Millennium Steel (renamed Tata Steel Thailand) and NatSteel Asia (Singapore). With these, the organization has made an assembling and advertising system in Europe, South East Asia and the Pacific-edge nations Problem Tata Steel Faces Tata Steel is confronted with an intense, and to some degree complex, issue. The organization has worldwide aspirations. I mean the organization needs to set up itself as a force and contender in the worldwide commercial center. Goodbye Group procured UK based Corus Group, a settled steel organization in its own right, by method of a $12. 1 billion arrangement. The arrangement was incompletely subsidized with a $6. billion dollar credit that was essentially designated in Euros. The money where the Corus Group earned the majority of its incomes was Euros. It appeared well and good for the Tata Group to support the arrangement in Euros so as to abstain from presenting the obligation to cash chance. The issues that the Tata Group would look because of this arrangement achieved an issue that the association truly didn't have a lot of involvement with managing. In view of the money section issues with this arrangement, the Tata Steel would have a risk of over $600 million on its budgetary books. Despite the fact that, the truth is that Tata Steel has a sound and adjusted money related structure and bookkeeping rehearses. In light of worldwide bookkeeping laws that India and the Tata Group have received, on the books it looks as though Tata Steel is convey a bigger number of liabilities or obligations than it truly is. This is huge on the grounds that a speculator or investor would take a gander at the company’s financials and imagine that the association isn't as monetarily steady as it truly seems to be. Goodbye Steel utilized Indian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (IGAAP) to set up their budget summaries. IGAAP converged with the worldwide bookkeeping framework known as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The issue with this is by IFRS guidelines the merger, or normal fence, was not perceived. IGAAP and IFRS both commanded that outside cash advances be named in the acquiring company’s home money for bookkeeping purposes. This made an announcing issue for Tata Steel when in all actuality there was no money related issue with the arrangement. SWOT Analysis of Tata Steel Strengths Global situation in steel industry Goodbye Steel is one of the most prosperous and beneficial steel organizations on the planet. The obtaining of Corus and other worldwide steel organizations have supported Tata’s position in the commercial center and made it one of the top steel organizations on the planet. Corporate administration Tata Steel has had an excellent record for corporate administration. It has set the benchmark in worldwide corporate administration standards of responsibility, straightforwardness, and value for others to follow. Goodbye Steel has been reliably accepting lofty honors at both the national and the universal field. The organization was granted the Best Governed Company Award in 2006 for corporate practices introduced by Asian Center for Corporate Governance. Brand esteem The Tata Steel brand, attributable to its exceptionally moral and a communist way to deal with business, has made its name interchangeable to trust. The securing of Corus made Tata Steel a considerably increasingly legitimate and ground-breaking organization. Tats Steel was a notable brand even before the obtaining of Corus. The expansion of Corus makes Tata Steel one of the most notable and beneficial organizations on the planet. Development of Tata Steel Goodbye Steel has the least working expense for steel produce on the planet. Further it has shown successful methods in embracing an eco-accommodating and maintainable methodology towards the assembling of steel along these lines proactive measures are attempted to guarantee the representatives wellbeing and profitability through ergonomically structured work stations and by shielding them from word related perils. Versatility to the quick changing worldwide business condition Tata Steel has shown huge deftness in the ongoing past during the worldwide money related emergency. Its virtuosos of different fields have embraced different strategies like bringing down creation and in any event, closing down steel plants because of the absence of interest, dealing with the accounting report productively and so forth. The organization has 70% of its acquisition of crude materials for its tasks in Asia through long haul contracts thus its edges can be protected from the subtleties of the instability of the budgetary markets. Supervisory group Tata Steel has an exceptionally solid supervisory crew who has shown their abilities in growing the organization through different imaginative strategies. The organization has effectively procured Nat Steel of Indonesia, Millennium Steel of Thailand and all the more critically UK based Corus. The company’s virtuosos of account have had the option to discover imaginative approaches to handle the company’s obligation and keep the main concern in the green zone regardless of lower request and a great deal of gathered obligation. Shortcomings Debt trouble Tata Steel has an absolute obligation of $9. 8 billion USD on its books, a lot of it from the Corus procurement. The organization intends to renegotiate $6. 5 billion of its drawn out obligation. It has a horrible obligation to value proportion which implies the benefits of the organization are to a great extent financed through obligation. With the consistent increment in expansion most nations are starting to fix credit and liquidity in the currency markets. Because of swelling expands, financing costs are on the ascent too. An expansion in loan costs implies an expansion in the company’s liabilities. This will additionally add to the debasement of Tata Steel’s asset report. Moderate bookkeeping rehearses India has extremely preservationist bookkeeping norms. The framework works inside the nation yet needs adaptability and flexibility with regards to announcing contrasts in cash. Since the Tata Group has worldwide yearnings, the organization must arrangement in different monetary standards while working with worldwide organizations. The issue lies in the principles overseeing the bookkeeping rehearses inside India. Every single outside money must be changed over to the nations of origin cash when investigating budget reports. Innovation Many steel organizations have actualized various advances into their plants to make creation and profitability progressively effective. There is another fluorescent x-beam innovation that a few organizations have embraced. Goodbye Steel is inadequate around there. Goodbye Steel has neglected to embrace new innovation to bring down expense, improve creation, and improve representative wellbeing gauges. Acquirement theory of its auxiliaries The biggest auxiliary of Tata Steel, Corus, has high introduction to spot costs and a higher operational equipping among the bigger European steel organizations. Subsequently it has the danger of instability related with valuing, one of the key components in deciding gainfulness of a product organization. Openings Serious position Tata Steel is the second biggest maker of steel in India and the 6th biggest maker on the planet. Throughout the years Tata Steel has been getting different steel organizations around the globe, the most recent being Corus. There is a great deal of space for Tata to develop and additionally build up itself as a perpetual force in the worldwide commercial center. Innovative advances Tata Steel has demonstrated huge mix capacities before. With the acquis

SAT Essay - Use Ezine Dionne Sample Essays to Excel in Your SAT Essay

SAT Essay - Use Ezine Dionne Sample Essays to Excel in Your SAT EssayIn order to apply for and excel in your SAT essay, you will need to get yourself the Ezine Dionne samples. Although these samples may seem like a complete waste of time, you can actually use them to supplement your syllabus. In this article, I will provide you with a list of Ezine Dionne samples that can be used for your exam.The first sample that you can use for your SAT essay is called 'Taking a Walk.' This sample is similar to other SAT essays that are being used in schools today. It contains two parts: the introduction and the conclusion. You should not include these samples as your basis when you read the other samples.The second sample that you can use for your SAT essay is called 'Interview.' This sample contains three parts: the introduction, the conclusion, and the evaluation. This sample is different from the previous one because it contains three main sections that all work together to form the essay.The third sample that you can use for your SAT essay is called 'Movie and Book Review.' This sample contains two parts: the introduction and the conclusion. This sample is similar to the Movie and Book Review sample because it contains two main sections.In this last sample, you will be able to read the basic concept behind the SAT writing sample. This is also the most important aspect of this sample. This part will serve as your basis so that you can create a perfect essay that will not only make you pass the test but also showcase your knowledge on the subject.These three examples are just samples of the many topics that can be used in your SAT essay. Although the samples are only simple, they can still serve as an effective base for you to base your essay on. So if you want to succeed in your exam, you should always use Ezine Dionne's samples.There are many things that you can do if you want to improve your SAT essay. All you have to do is make sure that you will not forget what you h ave learned from these sample essays.If you want to get your score up to the mark, you should not forget to take note of these study tips. You should also do your best in reading the tests so that you can achieve the same score as the ones that your classmates can achieve. In order to achieve the same score as your classmates, you will have to use these Ezine Dionne samples.

Fatty Arbuckle Scandal and Trials

At a raucous, three-day party in September 1921, a young starlet became severely ill and died four days later. Newspapers went wild with the story: popular silent-screen comedian Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle had killed Virginia Rappe with his weight while savagely raping her. Though the newspapers of the day reveled in the gory, rumored details, juries found little evidence that Arbuckle was in any way connected with her death. What happened at that party and why was the public so ready to believe Fatty was guilty? Fatty Arbuckle Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle had long been a performer. When he was a teenager, Arbuckle traveled the West Coast on the vaudeville circuit. In 1913, at the age of 26, Arbuckle hit the big time when he signed with Mack Sennetts Keystone Film Company and became one of the Keystone Kops. Arbuckle was heavy—he weighed somewhere between 250 and 300 pounds—and that was part of his comedy. He moved gracefully, threw pies, and humorously tumbled. In 1921, Arbuckle signed a three-year contract with Paramount for $1 million—an unheard-of amount at the time, even in Hollywood. To celebrate just having finished three pictures at the same time and to celebrate his new contract with Paramount, Arbuckle and a couple of friends drove up from Los Angeles to San Francisco on Saturday, September 3, 1921, for some Labor Day weekend revelry. The Party Arbuckle and friends checked into the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco. They were on the twelfth floor in a suite that contained rooms 1219, 1220, and 1221 (room 1220 was the sitting room). On Monday, September 5, the party started early. Arbuckle greeted visitors in his pajamas and though this was during Prohibition, large quantities of liquor were  being drunk. Around 3 oclock, Arbuckle retired from the party in order to get dressed to go sight-seeing with a friend. What happened in the following ten minutes is disputed. Delmonts version:Bambina Maude Delmont, who frequently set-up famous people in order to blackmail them, claims that Arbuckle herded 26-year-old Virginia Rappe into his bedroom and said, Ive waited for this a long time, Delmont says that a few minutes later party-goers could hear screams from Rappe coming from the bedroom. Delmont claims she tried to open the door, even kick it in, but couldnt get it open. When Arbuckle opened the door, supposedly Rappe was found naked and bleeding behind him.Arbuckles version:Arbuckle says that when he retired to his room to change clothes, he found Rappe vomiting in his bathroom. He then helped clean her up and led her to a nearby bed to rest. Thinking she was just overly intoxicated, he left her to rejoin the party. When he returned to the room just a few minutes later, he found Rappe on the floor. After putting her back on the bed, he left the room to get help. When others then entered the room, they found Rappe tearing at her clothes (something that has been claimed she did often when she was drunk). Party guests tried a number of strange treatments, including covering Rappe with ice, but she still wasnt getting any better. Eventually, the hotel staff was contacted and Rappe was taken to another room to rest. With others looking after Rappe, Arbuckle left for the sight-seeing tour and then drove back to Los Angeles. Rappe Dies Rappe was not taken to the hospital on that day. And though she didnt improve, she wasnt taken to the hospital for three days because most people who visited her considered her condition to be caused by liquor. On Thursday, Rappe was taken to the Wakefield Sanitorium, a maternity hospital known for giving abortions. Virginia Rappe died the following day from peritonitis, caused by a ruptured bladder. Arbuckle was soon arrested and charged with the murder of Virginia Rappe. Yellow Journalism The papers went wild with the  story. Some articles stated Arbuckle had crushed Rappe with his weight, while others said he had raped her with a foreign object (the papers went into graphic details). In the newspapers, Arbuckle was assumed guilty and Virginia Rappe was an innocent, young girl. The papers excluded reporting that Rappe had a history of numerous abortions, with some evidence stating she might have had another a short time before the party. William Randolph Hearst, the symbol of yellow journalism, had his  San Francisco Examiner  cover the story. According to Buster Keaton, Hearst boasted that Arbuckles story sold more papers than the  sinking of the Lusitania. The public reaction to Arbuckle was fierce. Perhaps even more than the specific charges of rape and murder, Arbuckle became a symbol of Hollywoods immorality. Movie houses across the country almost immediately stopped showing Arbuckles movies. The public was angry and they were using Arbuckle as a target. The Trials With the scandal as front-page news on almost every newspaper, it was difficult to get an unbiased jury. The first Arbuckle trial began on November 1921 and charged Arbuckle with manslaughter. The trial was thorough and Arbuckle took the stand to share his side of the story. The jury was hung with a 10 to 2 vote for acquittal. Because the first trial ended with a hung jury, Arbuckle was tried again. In the second Arbuckle trial, the defense did not present a very thorough case and Arbuckle did not take the stand. The jury saw this as an admission of guilt and deadlocked in a 10 to 2 vote for conviction. In the third trial, which began on March 1922, the defense again became pro-active. Arbuckle testified, repeating his side of the story. The main prosecution witness, Zey Prevon, had escaped house arrest and left the country. For this trial, the jury deliberated for only a couple of minutes and came back with a verdict of not guilty. Additionally, the jury wrote an apology to Arbuckle: Acquittal is not enough for Roscoe Arbuckle. We feel that a great injustice has been done him. We feel also that it was our only plain duty to give him this exoneration. There was not the slightest proof adduced to connect him in any way with the commission of a crime.He was manly throughout the case and told a straightforward story on the witness stand, which we all believed.The happening at the hotel was an unfortunate affair for which Arbuckle, so the evidence shows, was in no way responsible.We wish him success and hope that the American people will take the judgment of fourteen men and women who have sat listening for thirty-one days to the evidence that  Roscoe Arbuckle  is entirely innocent and free from all blame. Fatty Blacklisted Being acquitted was not the end to Roscoe Fatty Arbuckles problems. In response to the Arbuckle scandal, Hollywood established a self-policing organization that was to be known as the Hays Office. On April 18, 1922, Will Hays, the president of the new organization, banned Arbuckle from filmmaking. Though Hays lifted the ban in December of the same year, the damage was done -- Arbuckles career had been destroyed. A Short Come-Back For years, Arbuckle had trouble finding work. He eventually began directing under the name William B. Goodrich (similar to the name his friend Buster Keaton suggested -- Will B. Good). Though Arbuckle had begun a come-back and had signed with Warner Brothers in 1933 to act in some comedy shorts, he was never to see his popularity regained. After a small one-year anniversary party with his new wife on June 29, 1933, Arbuckle went to bed and suffered a fatal heart attack in his sleep. He was 46.

Supply Chain Management in Meat Industry - 2152 Words

The Burning Issue Meat is a major foodstuff in most western counties. Customers want they could purchase safe and fresh meat and this demand carries quite hard requirements to the meat supply chain management. In June, 2008, Australian supermarket giant Woolworth, has been exposed that provide contaminated lambs to their customers (www.recalls.gov.au). Woolworths now has a shopping centre in almost every metropolitan and regional centre of Australia and offer food to millions of customers nationwide. This event may cause a large-range negative influence to public health and have a huge damage to this company brand reputation. Therefore, how to improve the meat supply chain management to satisfy consumer expectation and prevent†¦show more content†¦The long-term success of corporations relies on the quality of customer-supplier relationship established (Aghazadeh, 2004, p.264). According to Hughes and Merton (1996, p. 5), partnership practices can assist companies improve margin through â€Å"squeezing† cost out supply chain in a mature, slow growth overall market for food products. It has been suggested that for building successful partnership, companies should adopt the following guidelines: Master internal collaboration before trying to work with external partners; Define the appropriate degree of collaboration for each partner segment; Be sure that each party has a stake in the outcome of collaboration; Be prepared to share information which is considered proprietary; Set clear expectations for each party; Use technology to support collaborative relationships (Cohen Roussel, 2005 pp.148-149). At last but not least, it may be stated that ethical issue should be an important consideration within inventory, purchasing and other supply chain management practices. Through ethically supply chain management, firms could carry benefits to all stakeholders and gain advanced company reputations, hence obtain more competitive advantage. In order to have ethical reasoning embedded in the food policy, policy makers must be able to understand and evaluate moral arguments, consider that perceived risk may be based on value and well asShow MoreRelatedBusinbess Driven Technology1031 Words   |  5 PagesGOT MILK? IT’S GOOD FOR YOU UNLESS IT’S CONTAMINATED CASE STUDY/RESEARCH. Question 1: Explain why the supply chain can dramatically impact a companys base performance ANS: Supply chain management involves the management of information flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability. The dozens of steps are required to achieve and carry out each of the above components. 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Factors Affecting Uptake of ART in PMTCT in Botswana Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Factors Affecting Uptake of ART in PMTCT in Botswana. Answer: PMTCT Uptake in Botswana PMTCT was introduced in Botswana in 199 and the program has been widely availed in health facilities all the country. Due to the fact that a majority of pregnant women seek maternal care services in public facilities, the government incorporated routine HIV testing as an element of antenatal care (Government of Botswana, 2008). He overall objective of the programme is to improve child survival and development by reducing HIV transmission from mother to child. The program has four major components which include; preventing pregnancy among young girls, preventing unwanted pregnancy among HIV-positive women, ARV prophylaxis to prevent mother to child HIV transmission, and the provision of support for the mother and her family (Kweneng District Council, 2011; Government of Botswana, 2008). Through the years, the PMTCT programme has evidenced a fair of achievements and challenges alike. On achievements according to the government, the programme has had major achievements in the access of the programme, testing of expectant mothers, take-up pf HIV prophylaxis and treatment by HIV-positive mother, and the proportion of new-borns tested by day 42 (Government of Botswana, 2008). Other achievements for the program include successful integration of PMTCT into sexual reproductive health services, increased PMTCT testing uptake to 98% in 2010 from 49% in 2002, adoption of routine HIV testing, early infant testing rollout, increased PMTCT (AZT/HAART) uptake to 93% in 2010 from 27% in 2002. Treatment PMTCT guidelines in Botswana emphasize on the importance of HAART for all HIV positive expectant women (Ministry of Health, 2008). The defined adult criteria indicate that pregnant women who initially test negative when registering for antenatal care, they should be retested at the 36th week or when labour sets in, so as to detect intercurrent infection during the term. HIV positive pregnant women who are not yet on HAART are expected to have CD4 count and clinical screening as a priority and it should be expedited. Further on, the guidelines dictate that all pregnant women eligible for HAART should be started without exception. In no circumstance that HART should be deferred till the second semenster even if the womans immune status is poor. During labour, all women who are on HAART should be administered with high dose AZT and not sd-NVP. Those women not eligible for HAART should be put on short-course AZT 300mg BD as from the 28th week (Ministry of Health, 2008). Factors Affecting Uptake of ART in PMTCT The WHO identifies Botswana as one of the 22 priority countries that require PMTCT services (UNICEF, 2016). It is recommended that with effective scaling up of PMTCT in Botswana and the other countries can prevent over 250,000 new infections each year (World Health Organization (WHO), 2013). Whereas Botswanas PMTCT has evidenced significant achievement, it is also plagued by challenges and barriers which hamper the uptake. Botswanas PMTCT programme faces a number of challenges which include weak infant follow-up, testing and initiation on HAART, suboptimal access to HAART among all eligible patients, male involvement and participation, inadequate implementation of routine and rapid HIV testing, and inadequate implementation of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) counselling (Keapoletswe, 2010). Socio-demographic factors Knowledge and individual beliefs There is an established link between knowledge of HIV and PMTCT and the uptake of PMTCT services. Studies in Botswana (Creek, et al., 2009) and Togo (Boateng, Kwapong, Agyei-Baffour, 2013) are some examples that demonstrate this link. The studies show mixed responses on factors such as HIV testing, and acceptability of PMTCT. Poor knowledge of HIV transmission and ARV drugs has also been highlighted in several studies as one of the reasons for dropping out of PMTCT programmes (Peltzer, Mlambo, Phaswana-Mafuya, Ladzani, 2010; Kiarie, Kreiss, Richardson, John-Stewart, 2003). Pregnant mothers may also harbour doubts about the efficacy of ART in MTCT (Kiarie, Kreiss, Richardson, John-Stewart, 2003; Duff, Rubaale, Kipp, 2012), or have beliefs that ARVs can cause HIV (Towle Lende, 2008), or ARVs causes harm to the unborn child (Stinson Myer, 2012). Cultural beliefs and gender dynamics In most of Botswana, the traditional gender roles and cultural beliefs are sustained. Typically, men are the one who make decisions that determine the woman's participation in HIV testing and the corresponding uptake of PMTCT services (Avert, 2016). Just like in most African communities, in Botswana, pregnancy is viewed as a womans affair and the mans primary role is to provide financial support. Men rarely accompany their women to antenatal clinics for PMTCT services due to the stereotype. A man accompanying his wife to the antenatal clinic often evokes negative attitude from community members as reported in the case of Uganda (Byamugisha, Tumwine, Semiyaga, Tylleskr, 2010). Marital status Marital status has a mixed impact on the uptake of PMTCT. Whereas some studies report that a married marital status negatively influences the uptake of PMTCT services (Muyoti, 2007), other studies show that unmarried HIV positive expectant mothers do not access PMTCT services and acquire ARV drugs as much as married women do (Gourlay, et al., 2015). The relationship between marital status and the uptake of PMTCT among Botswana mothers is yet to be clearly established. The level of education Women with a high level of education have demonstrated more positive attitudes towards PMTCT uptake compared to their counterparts (Muyoti, 2007). Drawing on Botswanas education profile, the characteristics of PMTCT seeking behaviour can be drawn. Area Women in rural areas are generally disadvantaged in ARV uptake (Gourlay, et al., 2015). Accessing PMTCT services including ART drugs is a particular challenge to pregnant women in rural parts of African countries. this may be attributed to distance, time and cost of travel to access health services (Gourlay, et al., 2013). Patient-Related Factors Psychological factors A review of literature reveals that there are psychological barriers that affect the initiation and adherence to PMTCT services. Some studies have reported that women describe depression, shock or denial upon learning about their status during antenatal visits (Painter, et al., 2004; Stinson Myer, 2012), they also express fears about their condition and death (Nkonki, Doherty, Hill, Schaay, Kendall, 2007; Duff, Kipp, Wild, Rubaale, Okech-Ojony, 2010), and are also concerned about handling the side effects and the lifelong treatment. The desire to regain health and protect the health of the unborn child are facilitating factors to initiating and continuing with ART (Theilgaard, et al., 2011; Stinson Myer, 2012). Disease progression pregnant women tend to seek PMTCT services depending on the presentation of the disease. Studies have revealed that pregnant women suffering from the disease but lack the symptoms do not feel the need for ARVs for PMTCT (Levy, 2009; Theilgaard, et al., 2011). Personal management and supply of treatment Some patients may lose or sell the tablets, while other may forget to take them or may run out. This may affect the adherence of pregnant women to ARV (Mepham, Zondi, Mbuyazi, Mkhwanazi, Newell, 2011; Kiarie, Kreiss, Richardson, John-Stewart, 2003). There are also issues pertaining to tolerability (e.g. vomiting) (Laher, et al., 2012). Partners Some women fear disclosing their status to their partners and family members. Non-disclosure to partners has been associated with not attending HIV clinics for ART, and not ingesting ARVs (Gourlay, Birdthistle, Mburu, Iorpenda, Wringe, 2013). Lack of partner support is a hindrance whereas support serves as a facilitating factor (Awiti, et al., 2011) Drug-related factors The type of ARV regimen that one takes during pregnancy also influences adherence. For instance, according to a study in Kenya, women taking NVP are more likely to adhere when compared to those taking twice-daily AZT (Kiarie, Kreiss, Richardson, John-Stewart, 2003). Also, women on cART are more likely to adhere compared to those on NVP alone (Stringer, et al., 2010). It is also hypothesised that the increasing complexity and duration of drug regimens may be having a negative effect on access to ARVS, and subsequent adherence. Factors related to patient-health care provider The interactions between the patient and staff may also have an impact on ART-seeking behaviours. Most women have cited negative staff attitudes as a barrier to revisit the facilities (Winestone, et al., 2012; O'Gorman, Nyirenda, Theobald, 2010; Varga Brookes, 2008), and this limits the opportunity to receive ART. Fear of confidentiality breach may also serve as a hindrance factor. Notably, in most African settings, patient-staff interaction, young HIV positive pregnant mothers have expressed facing discrimination during these interactions (Gourlay A., et al., 2014). Overall, some patient does experience difficulties with clinical staff or procedures and this has a negative impact on ART uptake. Factors Related to Health Care System Botswanas health system is also characterised with factors that may hinder the uptake of ART for PMTCT. A number of studies (Duff, Kipp, Wild, Rubaale, Okech-Ojony, 2010; Painter, et al., 2004; Theilgaard, et al., 2011) have revealed that one of the major barriers to PMTCT ART uptake is the shortage of trained clinic staff. Those available are overwhelmed by the high patient volume and this contributes to extended waiting periods, staff stress, staff misunderstandings, poor quality counselling sessions, and staff fails. Another factor related to the health care system is the shortage of resources (including ARVs) (Sprague, Chersich, Black, 2011; Doherty, Chopra, Nsibande, Mngoma, 2009), poor integration of services, referrals and tracking systems (Winestone, et al., 2012), and poor record keeping (Sprague, Chersich, Black, 2011). Accessibility of services is another important factor affecting access to PMTCT among pregnant women. The distance to facilities and the frequency of visits required is a particular challenge especially for those in rural areas (O'Gorman, Nyirenda, Theobald, 2010). In addition, the costs (perceived or real) of maternity services and treatment are also a concern among many women, especially in light of the low economic status. Late presentation to antenatal clinics is also a barrier to accessing ART. Factors to Improve Improve decentralisation of PMTCT services to more rural areas Maintain regular supplies of HIV test kits and drugs Prioritise testing and enrolment for symptomatic women regardless of the symptomatic state. Promote male involvement Improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding ART uptake and general PMTCT among women of childbearing age. Women should be educated on the benefits of ANC/PMTCT services and the corresponding adherence. Improve efforts to address HIV stigma, discrimination, and PMTCT. HIV stigmatisation and overall stereotyping hampers PMTCT-seeking behaviours. Fundamental health system issues such as accessibility, staffing, partner support, confidentiality, and disclosure also need addressing. Botswana can also benefit from strengthening health systems to enhance counselling and partner/community support in order to improve uptake. References Avert. (2016). Prevention Of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Of HIV. 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Women's reasons for not participating in follow up visits before starting short course antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV: qualitative interview study. Br Med J, 5436. Peltzer, K., Mlambo, M., Phaswana-Mafuya, N., Ladzani, R. (2010). Determinants of adherence to a single-dose nevirapine regimen for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Gert Sibande district in South Africa. Acta Paediatrica, 12537. Sprague, C., Chersich, M., Black, V. (2011). Health system weaknesses constrain access to PMTCT and maternal HIV services in South Africa: a qualitative enquiry. AIDS Res Ther. Stinson, K., Myer, L. (2012). Barriers to initiating antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy: a qualitative study of women attending services in Cape Town, South Africa. African Journal of AIDS Research, 6573. Stringer, E., Ekouevi, D., Coetzee, D., Tih, P., Creek, T., Stinson, K. (2010). Coverage of nevirapine-based services to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in 4 African countries. JAMA, 293302. Theilgaard, Z., Katzenstein, T., Chiduo, M., Pahl, C., Bygbjerg, I., Gerstoft, J. (2011). Addressing the fear and consequences of stigmatization a necessary step towards making HAART accessible to women in Tanzania: a qualitative study. AIDS Res Ther. Towle, M., Lende, D. (2008). Community approaches to preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission: perspectives from rural Lesotho. African Journal of AIDS Research, 21928. UNICEF. (2016, December). Great Progress in reducing new HIV infections among children, but not fast enough. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/emtct/ Varga, C., Brookes, H. (2008). Factors influencing teen mothers enrollment and participation in prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission services in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Qual Health Res. , 786802. Winestone, L., Bukusi, E., Cohen, C., Kwaro, D., Schmidt, N., Turan, J. 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