MRI vs. CT Scans free essay sample

Registered tomography (CT) and attractive reverberation imaging (MRI) are both indicative tests that furnish us with high-goals photos of any territory of the body. The two tests use PCs to build pictures to see inside the body. Both of these tests are non-intrusive methods intended to give clinical experts a superior comprehension of the patient’s condition. There are, be that as it may, innate contrasts in these tests’ systems, advancement, and application (â€Å"What is the Difference Between CT and MRI? †). To put it plainly, figured tomography utilizes a refined form of X-beam gear to deliver a picture of the body. As the patient is gradually traveled through the machine, its X-Ray tube pivots around the body and sends shafts from all headings to a particular spot on the patient’s body. Since at any second its bars are bound to a â€Å"slice† of the body about as thick as a dime, CT Scans end the disarray coming about because of covering structure seen in regular X-beams. The device’s PC makes an interpretation of this data into a nitty gritty, cross-sectional image of the district being filtered (Marieb 8). The entirety of the photos can be spared as a gathering on a PC, and can likewise be printed out to demonstrate the outcomes to the patient (â€Å"Computed Tomography†). Conversely, a MRI delivers high-differentiate pictures for duplicate regions of our body. This method subjects the body to attractive fields multiple times more grounded that that of the earth’s. The MRI Pliura 2 fundamentally maps the body’s substance of hydrogen, the majority of which is in water. The patient basically lies in a chamber inside a tremendous magnet. At the point when the machine is turned on the body’s hydrogen atoms act like little magnets, turning like tops in the attractive field. Their vitality is likewise upgraded by the radio rushes of the machine, and when the machine is killed the vitality discharged is converted into a visual picture. X-ray recognizes our body’s tissues dependent on their water content, so it can separate between the greasy white issue and the more watery dark matter of the mind (Marieb 9). Both of these tests work distinctively and are more qualified for various kinds of findings (â€Å"CT Scan versus MRI†). A MRI should be possible for a wide range of reasons. For example, it is utilized to discover issues, for example, tumors, dying, injury, or contamination inside the body. MRI’s are regularly done to give more data about an issue seen by another kind of clinical picture (â€Å"Magnetic Resonance Imaging†). For instance, a MRI would be a physician’s best other option on the off chance that they expected to distinguish an infection inside the body that couldn't be seen by the CT Scanner (Shiel). The attractive field of the MRI permits it to accumulate data that can't be seen by different kinds of clinical imaging (â€Å"Magnetic Resonance Imaging†). In the interim, a CT examine can record pictures of bone, delicate tissue, and veins at the same time, offering an unmistakable bit of leeway over the MRI now and again. A CT Scan can likewise be utilized to control needle biopsies during medical procedure. For example, utilizing a CT Scan can permit cardiologists to see pictures of supply routes while never doing test testing. This effortless method significantly help doctors in diagnosing cardiovascular sicknesses, musculoskeletal issues, and particular sorts of malignant growth. In certain circumstances the CT would be the favored sweep of decision basically for its speed and constrained Pliura 3 limitations of the patient. Both of these sweeps offer novel points of interest for various circumstances. The particular zone of the body being seen is another fundamental perspective to consider when picking which sweep to utilize (Ryan). A MRI should be possible for various wounds managing the head. It can search for aneurysms, seeping of the cerebrum, or issues, for example, harm brought about by a stroke. The MRI can likewise discover harm of the optic nerves, alongside sound-related nerves of our ears (â€Å"Magnetic Resonance Imaging†). Since thick structures don't appear at all in a MRI, it peers effectively into the skull, empowering the sensitive nerve strands to be seen (Marieb 9). A spinal line injury can incite a doctor to arrange a MRI rather than a CT Scan (â€Å"Magnetic Resonance Imaging†). For example, numerous sclerosis plaques inside the spinal string don't appear well in CT Scans, however are brilliantly clear in a MRI (Marieb 9). Also, the MRI will check the plates and nerves of the spine for conditions, for example, protruding circles, herninated plates, or spinal tumors (â€Å"Magnetic Resonance Imaging†). Conversely, CT Scans can be utilized to get pictures of the body in general, or certain parts, for example, the chest, midsection, pancreas, or appendage. For instance, a CT of the chest would search for issues with the lungs, heart, throat, or the tissues in the focal point of the chest (â€Å"Computed Tomography†). CT Scans are regularly used to take a full sweep of a patient’s midsection, and they are presently viewed as the cutting edge for assessing most issues that influence the mid-region (Marieb 8). Instead of a MRI, a CT of the arm or leg would take a gander at the delicate tissue, yet it would likewise inspect the veins and bones of that appendage also (â€Å"Computed Tomography†). Pliura 4 In spite of the fact that these front line advances furnish us with life-sparing data, the two of them have issues of their own (â€Å"CT Scan versus MRI†). The significant worry with a CT Scan is the radiation. At most extreme force, a CT Scan can give radiation equivalent to 600 chest X-beams. This can prompt the chance of malignant growth in certain patients (Ryan). Rebecca Bindman, teacher of radiology and one of the nation’s top specialists in the danger of radiographs, expresses that a 20-year elderly people ladies who gets a stomach pelvic CT Scan has a 1 of every 250 possibility of getting disease from that solitary sweep. The best gauges are that radiation from CT’s cause 29,000 overabundance malignant growths every year in the U. S. , and this is for the most part in ladies. About 60 million Americans will get a CT Scan in a given year, and a few specialists recommend more than 33% of these sweeps are superfluous. This prompts the acknowledgment that on the off chance that we could lessen the superfluous outputs, we might decrease disease (Wachter). Pregnant ladies are additionally not prescribe to get a CT for the a lot of radiation that could be presented to the baby. Now and again the X-beams of a CT Scan can really harm the DNA of the creating baby. Since the government has no guidelines on the measure of radiation a patient gets during a CT, the alluding doctor chooses the quality of the portion. This is the reason it’s basic a doctor has the most ideal comprehension to just give the essential measures of radiation (Ryan). In spite of the fact that the MRI maintains a strategic distance from radiation introduction, it’s not without issues either (Shiel). One of the ruins of this machine is that it makes a colossal measure of clamor during the output. The commotion seems like a persistent, quick pounding, and is because of the rising electrical flows being contradicted by the attractive field. Individuals who are pregnant or large frequently Pliura 5 can't fit into the MRI framework (â€Å"MRI: Advantages and Disadvantages†). This is because of the tight cylinder the patient must be embedded into. As a result of this a few patients experience a claustrophobic sensation during the method (Shiel). Truth be told, 30% of patients confess to having some degree of misery while having a MRI (â€Å"Claustrophobia and MRI†). The time required to finish a MRI assessment is additionally not something to be amped up for. While a CT Scan just takes 5 minutes, a MRI can in some cases assume control more than 30 minutes to get a precise read (â€Å"CT Scan vs. MRI†). Since the output takes such a long time, it expects patients to keep still for expanded timeframes. This is the reason newborn children regularly can't get a MRI; they can't keep still for a long enough period. Indeed, even slight developments of the part being checked can cause twisted pictures which implies the examining must be rehashed (â€Å"MRI: Advantages and Disadvantages†). The strategy of the two outputs have likenesses and contrasts between them. For example, both comprise of a complexity color that is infused into the output zone to improve the definition (Ragavan). Moreover, during the two systems a clinical chaperon will be close by if there should arise an occurrence of crisis (Shiel). A moving lounge chair is the thing that really moves the patient through the scanner of the two machines. In any case, with a CT the individual is traveled through a band that has the state of an enormous donut. While with a MRI, the moving lounge chair moves the patient through a chamber that almost encases the body. The scan’s results likewise contrast in the way that a CT’s results appear as a 2-dimensional picture, while the attraction of the MRI permits it to develop a 3-dimensional picture of the body (Ragavan). The expense of every method is another perspective to consider cautiously, particularly if the expense is coming using cash on hand. To lay out plainly, CT Scans are a lot less expensive than MRI’s. CT’s cost Pliura 6 somewhere in the range of $1,200-$3,200 while a MRI can cost up to $4,000. When in doubt, the MRI for the most part cost twofold what a CT Scan would cost. It turns into the patient’s decision with regards to whether they need to spend less on a lower-grade picture or more on a higher-grade picture. The expense of the machine itself likewise recognizes the two machines. An exceptionally low end CT Scanner costs around $150,000, while a best in class CT Scanner can cost in upwards of $450,000. This is a modest quantity when contrasted with the $1 Million dollars most new MRI machines cost. Besides, a portion of the highest point of-the-line MRI machines can cost nearly $1. 5 Million. Both the CT and MRI will require yearly upkeep, which can likewise cost a huge number of dollars (â€Å"CT Scan versus MRI†). Taking everything into account

Tata Steel Case Study Analysis Essay Example

Goodbye Steel Case Study Analysis Paper Presentation The Tata Group is an exceptionally huge gathering of organizations that rule advertises in India. The association has set up itself as an innovator in business sectors, for example, the carrier business, inn, programming, venture, and steel industry. There is a long history of corporate obligation inside the gathering, and it is nothing unexpected that all Tata organizations have embraced a Tata Code of Conduct just as numerous universal measures. Goodbye Steel is one of twenty-eight significant organizations inside the Tata Group. Established in 1907, it is the biggest private area steel organization in India. Tasks are spread the nation over, with the steel fabricating unit at Jamshedpur, and other assembling and mining exercises arranged in the conditions of Jarkhand and Orissa at eight areas. The Tata Group central command is situated in Mumbai, Maharastra. This paper gives a review and investigation of the bookkeeping issues that Tata Steel is confronted with in the wake of procuring a remote organization. Organization Profile Tata Steel, consolidated in 1907 by Shri Dorabji Tata, is Indias biggest private division steel organization having a place with the Tata Group. The organization fabricates completed steel, both long and level items like hot and cold moved loops and sheets, excited sheets, tubes, wire bars, development re-bars, rings and course. The organization showcases its items in brands like Tata Steelium, Tata Tiscon, Tata Pipes, and so forth. The organization is among the most minimal cost makers of steel on the planet. Its fundamental plant is situated in Jamshedpur, having an assembling limit of 5 MTPA (million ton for every annum) while its preparing units, hostage iron metal and coal mineshafts are situated in the conditions of Orissa, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Gujarat and West Bengal. We will compose a custom article test on Tata Steel Case Study Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Tata Steel Case Study Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Tata Steel Case Study Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer With its administrative center situated in Mumbai, the organization capacities through a system comprising of exchanging arms and activity and tasks destinations spread across nations in the mainlands of Asia, Europe and America. Aside from Steel there are six Strategic Business Units or divisions for Bearings, Ferro Alloys and Minerals, Rings and Agrico, Tata Growth Shop, Tubes, and Wires. It works in excess of 20 nations and has a business nearness in more than 50. In the previous hardly any years, Tata Steel has put resources into Corus (UK), Millennium Steel (renamed Tata Steel Thailand) and NatSteel Asia (Singapore). With these, the organization has made an assembling and advertising system in Europe, South East Asia and the Pacific-edge nations Problem Tata Steel Faces Tata Steel is confronted with an intense, and to some degree complex, issue. The organization has worldwide aspirations. I mean the organization needs to set up itself as a force and contender in the worldwide commercial center. Goodbye Group procured UK based Corus Group, a settled steel organization in its own right, by method of a $12. 1 billion arrangement. The arrangement was incompletely subsidized with a $6. billion dollar credit that was essentially designated in Euros. The money where the Corus Group earned the majority of its incomes was Euros. It appeared well and good for the Tata Group to support the arrangement in Euros so as to abstain from presenting the obligation to cash chance. The issues that the Tata Group would look because of this arrangement achieved an issue that the association truly didn't have a lot of involvement with managing. In view of the money section issues with this arrangement, the Tata Steel would have a risk of over $600 million on its budgetary books. Despite the fact that, the truth is that Tata Steel has a sound and adjusted money related structure and bookkeeping rehearses. In light of worldwide bookkeeping laws that India and the Tata Group have received, on the books it looks as though Tata Steel is convey a bigger number of liabilities or obligations than it truly is. This is huge on the grounds that a speculator or investor would take a gander at the company’s financials and imagine that the association isn't as monetarily steady as it truly seems to be. Goodbye Steel utilized Indian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (IGAAP) to set up their budget summaries. IGAAP converged with the worldwide bookkeeping framework known as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The issue with this is by IFRS guidelines the merger, or normal fence, was not perceived. IGAAP and IFRS both commanded that outside cash advances be named in the acquiring company’s home money for bookkeeping purposes. This made an announcing issue for Tata Steel when in all actuality there was no money related issue with the arrangement. SWOT Analysis of Tata Steel Strengths Global situation in steel industry Goodbye Steel is one of the most prosperous and beneficial steel organizations on the planet. The obtaining of Corus and other worldwide steel organizations have supported Tata’s position in the commercial center and made it one of the top steel organizations on the planet. Corporate administration Tata Steel has had an excellent record for corporate administration. It has set the benchmark in worldwide corporate administration standards of responsibility, straightforwardness, and value for others to follow. Goodbye Steel has been reliably accepting lofty honors at both the national and the universal field. The organization was granted the Best Governed Company Award in 2006 for corporate practices introduced by Asian Center for Corporate Governance. Brand esteem The Tata Steel brand, attributable to its exceptionally moral and a communist way to deal with business, has made its name interchangeable to trust. The securing of Corus made Tata Steel a considerably increasingly legitimate and ground-breaking organization. Tats Steel was a notable brand even before the obtaining of Corus. The expansion of Corus makes Tata Steel one of the most notable and beneficial organizations on the planet. Development of Tata Steel Goodbye Steel has the least working expense for steel produce on the planet. Further it has shown successful methods in embracing an eco-accommodating and maintainable methodology towards the assembling of steel along these lines proactive measures are attempted to guarantee the representatives wellbeing and profitability through ergonomically structured work stations and by shielding them from word related perils. Versatility to the quick changing worldwide business condition Tata Steel has shown huge deftness in the ongoing past during the worldwide money related emergency. Its virtuosos of different fields have embraced different strategies like bringing down creation and in any event, closing down steel plants because of the absence of interest, dealing with the accounting report productively and so forth. The organization has 70% of its acquisition of crude materials for its tasks in Asia through long haul contracts thus its edges can be protected from the subtleties of the instability of the budgetary markets. Supervisory group Tata Steel has an exceptionally solid supervisory crew who has shown their abilities in growing the organization through different imaginative strategies. The organization has effectively procured Nat Steel of Indonesia, Millennium Steel of Thailand and all the more critically UK based Corus. The company’s virtuosos of account have had the option to discover imaginative approaches to handle the company’s obligation and keep the main concern in the green zone regardless of lower request and a great deal of gathered obligation. Shortcomings Debt trouble Tata Steel has an absolute obligation of $9. 8 billion USD on its books, a lot of it from the Corus procurement. The organization intends to renegotiate $6. 5 billion of its drawn out obligation. It has a horrible obligation to value proportion which implies the benefits of the organization are to a great extent financed through obligation. With the consistent increment in expansion most nations are starting to fix credit and liquidity in the currency markets. Because of swelling expands, financing costs are on the ascent too. An expansion in loan costs implies an expansion in the company’s liabilities. This will additionally add to the debasement of Tata Steel’s asset report. Moderate bookkeeping rehearses India has extremely preservationist bookkeeping norms. The framework works inside the nation yet needs adaptability and flexibility with regards to announcing contrasts in cash. Since the Tata Group has worldwide yearnings, the organization must arrangement in different monetary standards while working with worldwide organizations. The issue lies in the principles overseeing the bookkeeping rehearses inside India. Every single outside money must be changed over to the nations of origin cash when investigating budget reports. Innovation Many steel organizations have actualized various advances into their plants to make creation and profitability progressively effective. There is another fluorescent x-beam innovation that a few organizations have embraced. Goodbye Steel is inadequate around there. Goodbye Steel has neglected to embrace new innovation to bring down expense, improve creation, and improve representative wellbeing gauges. Acquirement theory of its auxiliaries The biggest auxiliary of Tata Steel, Corus, has high introduction to spot costs and a higher operational equipping among the bigger European steel organizations. Subsequently it has the danger of instability related with valuing, one of the key components in deciding gainfulness of a product organization. Openings Serious position Tata Steel is the second biggest maker of steel in India and the 6th biggest maker on the planet. Throughout the years Tata Steel has been getting different steel organizations around the globe, the most recent being Corus. There is a great deal of space for Tata to develop and additionally build up itself as a perpetual force in the worldwide commercial center. Innovative advances Tata Steel has demonstrated huge mix capacities before. With the acquis

SAT Essay - Use Ezine Dionne Sample Essays to Excel in Your SAT Essay

SAT Essay - Use Ezine Dionne Sample Essays to Excel in Your SAT EssayIn order to apply for and excel in your SAT essay, you will need to get yourself the Ezine Dionne samples. Although these samples may seem like a complete waste of time, you can actually use them to supplement your syllabus. In this article, I will provide you with a list of Ezine Dionne samples that can be used for your exam.The first sample that you can use for your SAT essay is called 'Taking a Walk.' This sample is similar to other SAT essays that are being used in schools today. It contains two parts: the introduction and the conclusion. You should not include these samples as your basis when you read the other samples.The second sample that you can use for your SAT essay is called 'Interview.' This sample contains three parts: the introduction, the conclusion, and the evaluation. This sample is different from the previous one because it contains three main sections that all work together to form the essay.The third sample that you can use for your SAT essay is called 'Movie and Book Review.' This sample contains two parts: the introduction and the conclusion. This sample is similar to the Movie and Book Review sample because it contains two main sections.In this last sample, you will be able to read the basic concept behind the SAT writing sample. This is also the most important aspect of this sample. This part will serve as your basis so that you can create a perfect essay that will not only make you pass the test but also showcase your knowledge on the subject.These three examples are just samples of the many topics that can be used in your SAT essay. Although the samples are only simple, they can still serve as an effective base for you to base your essay on. So if you want to succeed in your exam, you should always use Ezine Dionne's samples.There are many things that you can do if you want to improve your SAT essay. All you have to do is make sure that you will not forget what you h ave learned from these sample essays.If you want to get your score up to the mark, you should not forget to take note of these study tips. You should also do your best in reading the tests so that you can achieve the same score as the ones that your classmates can achieve. In order to achieve the same score as your classmates, you will have to use these Ezine Dionne samples.

Fatty Arbuckle Scandal and Trials

At a raucous, three-day party in September 1921, a young starlet became severely ill and died four days later. Newspapers went wild with the story: popular silent-screen comedian Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle had killed Virginia Rappe with his weight while savagely raping her. Though the newspapers of the day reveled in the gory, rumored details, juries found little evidence that Arbuckle was in any way connected with her death. What happened at that party and why was the public so ready to believe Fatty was guilty? Fatty Arbuckle Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle had long been a performer. When he was a teenager, Arbuckle traveled the West Coast on the vaudeville circuit. In 1913, at the age of 26, Arbuckle hit the big time when he signed with Mack Sennetts Keystone Film Company and became one of the Keystone Kops. Arbuckle was heavy—he weighed somewhere between 250 and 300 pounds—and that was part of his comedy. He moved gracefully, threw pies, and humorously tumbled. In 1921, Arbuckle signed a three-year contract with Paramount for $1 million—an unheard-of amount at the time, even in Hollywood. To celebrate just having finished three pictures at the same time and to celebrate his new contract with Paramount, Arbuckle and a couple of friends drove up from Los Angeles to San Francisco on Saturday, September 3, 1921, for some Labor Day weekend revelry. The Party Arbuckle and friends checked into the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco. They were on the twelfth floor in a suite that contained rooms 1219, 1220, and 1221 (room 1220 was the sitting room). On Monday, September 5, the party started early. Arbuckle greeted visitors in his pajamas and though this was during Prohibition, large quantities of liquor were  being drunk. Around 3 oclock, Arbuckle retired from the party in order to get dressed to go sight-seeing with a friend. What happened in the following ten minutes is disputed. Delmonts version:Bambina Maude Delmont, who frequently set-up famous people in order to blackmail them, claims that Arbuckle herded 26-year-old Virginia Rappe into his bedroom and said, Ive waited for this a long time, Delmont says that a few minutes later party-goers could hear screams from Rappe coming from the bedroom. Delmont claims she tried to open the door, even kick it in, but couldnt get it open. When Arbuckle opened the door, supposedly Rappe was found naked and bleeding behind him.Arbuckles version:Arbuckle says that when he retired to his room to change clothes, he found Rappe vomiting in his bathroom. He then helped clean her up and led her to a nearby bed to rest. Thinking she was just overly intoxicated, he left her to rejoin the party. When he returned to the room just a few minutes later, he found Rappe on the floor. After putting her back on the bed, he left the room to get help. When others then entered the room, they found Rappe tearing at her clothes (something that has been claimed she did often when she was drunk). Party guests tried a number of strange treatments, including covering Rappe with ice, but she still wasnt getting any better. Eventually, the hotel staff was contacted and Rappe was taken to another room to rest. With others looking after Rappe, Arbuckle left for the sight-seeing tour and then drove back to Los Angeles. Rappe Dies Rappe was not taken to the hospital on that day. And though she didnt improve, she wasnt taken to the hospital for three days because most people who visited her considered her condition to be caused by liquor. On Thursday, Rappe was taken to the Wakefield Sanitorium, a maternity hospital known for giving abortions. Virginia Rappe died the following day from peritonitis, caused by a ruptured bladder. Arbuckle was soon arrested and charged with the murder of Virginia Rappe. Yellow Journalism The papers went wild with the  story. Some articles stated Arbuckle had crushed Rappe with his weight, while others said he had raped her with a foreign object (the papers went into graphic details). In the newspapers, Arbuckle was assumed guilty and Virginia Rappe was an innocent, young girl. The papers excluded reporting that Rappe had a history of numerous abortions, with some evidence stating she might have had another a short time before the party. William Randolph Hearst, the symbol of yellow journalism, had his  San Francisco Examiner  cover the story. According to Buster Keaton, Hearst boasted that Arbuckles story sold more papers than the  sinking of the Lusitania. The public reaction to Arbuckle was fierce. Perhaps even more than the specific charges of rape and murder, Arbuckle became a symbol of Hollywoods immorality. Movie houses across the country almost immediately stopped showing Arbuckles movies. The public was angry and they were using Arbuckle as a target. The Trials With the scandal as front-page news on almost every newspaper, it was difficult to get an unbiased jury. The first Arbuckle trial began on November 1921 and charged Arbuckle with manslaughter. The trial was thorough and Arbuckle took the stand to share his side of the story. The jury was hung with a 10 to 2 vote for acquittal. Because the first trial ended with a hung jury, Arbuckle was tried again. In the second Arbuckle trial, the defense did not present a very thorough case and Arbuckle did not take the stand. The jury saw this as an admission of guilt and deadlocked in a 10 to 2 vote for conviction. In the third trial, which began on March 1922, the defense again became pro-active. Arbuckle testified, repeating his side of the story. The main prosecution witness, Zey Prevon, had escaped house arrest and left the country. For this trial, the jury deliberated for only a couple of minutes and came back with a verdict of not guilty. Additionally, the jury wrote an apology to Arbuckle: Acquittal is not enough for Roscoe Arbuckle. We feel that a great injustice has been done him. We feel also that it was our only plain duty to give him this exoneration. There was not the slightest proof adduced to connect him in any way with the commission of a crime.He was manly throughout the case and told a straightforward story on the witness stand, which we all believed.The happening at the hotel was an unfortunate affair for which Arbuckle, so the evidence shows, was in no way responsible.We wish him success and hope that the American people will take the judgment of fourteen men and women who have sat listening for thirty-one days to the evidence that  Roscoe Arbuckle  is entirely innocent and free from all blame. Fatty Blacklisted Being acquitted was not the end to Roscoe Fatty Arbuckles problems. In response to the Arbuckle scandal, Hollywood established a self-policing organization that was to be known as the Hays Office. On April 18, 1922, Will Hays, the president of the new organization, banned Arbuckle from filmmaking. Though Hays lifted the ban in December of the same year, the damage was done -- Arbuckles career had been destroyed. A Short Come-Back For years, Arbuckle had trouble finding work. He eventually began directing under the name William B. Goodrich (similar to the name his friend Buster Keaton suggested -- Will B. Good). Though Arbuckle had begun a come-back and had signed with Warner Brothers in 1933 to act in some comedy shorts, he was never to see his popularity regained. After a small one-year anniversary party with his new wife on June 29, 1933, Arbuckle went to bed and suffered a fatal heart attack in his sleep. He was 46.

Supply Chain Management in Meat Industry - 2152 Words

The Burning Issue Meat is a major foodstuff in most western counties. Customers want they could purchase safe and fresh meat and this demand carries quite hard requirements to the meat supply chain management. In June, 2008, Australian supermarket giant Woolworth, has been exposed that provide contaminated lambs to their customers (www.recalls.gov.au). Woolworths now has a shopping centre in almost every metropolitan and regional centre of Australia and offer food to millions of customers nationwide. This event may cause a large-range negative influence to public health and have a huge damage to this company brand reputation. Therefore, how to improve the meat supply chain management to satisfy consumer expectation and prevent†¦show more content†¦The long-term success of corporations relies on the quality of customer-supplier relationship established (Aghazadeh, 2004, p.264). According to Hughes and Merton (1996, p. 5), partnership practices can assist companies improve margin through â€Å"squeezing† cost out supply chain in a mature, slow growth overall market for food products. It has been suggested that for building successful partnership, companies should adopt the following guidelines: Master internal collaboration before trying to work with external partners; Define the appropriate degree of collaboration for each partner segment; Be sure that each party has a stake in the outcome of collaboration; Be prepared to share information which is considered proprietary; Set clear expectations for each party; Use technology to support collaborative relationships (Cohen Roussel, 2005 pp.148-149). At last but not least, it may be stated that ethical issue should be an important consideration within inventory, purchasing and other supply chain management practices. Through ethically supply chain management, firms could carry benefits to all stakeholders and gain advanced company reputations, hence obtain more competitive advantage. In order to have ethical reasoning embedded in the food policy, policy makers must be able to understand and evaluate moral arguments, consider that perceived risk may be based on value and well asShow MoreRelatedBusinbess Driven Technology1031 Words   |  5 PagesGOT MILK? IT’S GOOD FOR YOU UNLESS IT’S CONTAMINATED CASE STUDY/RESEARCH. Question 1: Explain why the supply chain can dramatically impact a companys base performance ANS: Supply chain management involves the management of information flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability. The dozens of steps are required to achieve and carry out each of the above components. 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Achievement Gaps, Access, Quality And Floridas Vpk Program

Achievement Gaps, Access, Quality and Florida’s VPK Program Achievement Gaps Each year in the United States four million eager young children walk into a kindergarten classroom with big hopes and dreams of success both academically and socially (U.S. DOE, 2015). But the stark reality facing many of these children is that they are several steps behind their classmates on the journey to success. Even as early as the first grade, 30% - 50% of the black-white achievement gap is already present. (Mead, 2012). Similar size gaps also exist when considering socio-economic levels. â€Å"Before even entering kindergarten, the average cognitive score of children in the highest SES group are 60% above the scores of the lowest SES group† (Mead, 2012). These children are beginning their journey without the reading, math and social–emotional skills necessary for their success. The â€Å"average math achievement is 21% lower for black than for whites, and 19% lower for Hisp anics† (Mead, 2012). These gaps are looming large in the lives of young children. Access/Quality â€Å"Research shows that young children’s earliest learning experiences can have powerful long-term effects on their cognitive and emotional development, school achievement, and later life outcomes† (Mead, 2012). The literature reveals that a strong collection of research exists that indicates children who attend high-quality preschool programs have better health, social-emotional, and cognitive outcomes than those who do not

Factors Affecting Uptake of ART in PMTCT in Botswana Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Factors Affecting Uptake of ART in PMTCT in Botswana. Answer: PMTCT Uptake in Botswana PMTCT was introduced in Botswana in 199 and the program has been widely availed in health facilities all the country. Due to the fact that a majority of pregnant women seek maternal care services in public facilities, the government incorporated routine HIV testing as an element of antenatal care (Government of Botswana, 2008). He overall objective of the programme is to improve child survival and development by reducing HIV transmission from mother to child. The program has four major components which include; preventing pregnancy among young girls, preventing unwanted pregnancy among HIV-positive women, ARV prophylaxis to prevent mother to child HIV transmission, and the provision of support for the mother and her family (Kweneng District Council, 2011; Government of Botswana, 2008). Through the years, the PMTCT programme has evidenced a fair of achievements and challenges alike. On achievements according to the government, the programme has had major achievements in the access of the programme, testing of expectant mothers, take-up pf HIV prophylaxis and treatment by HIV-positive mother, and the proportion of new-borns tested by day 42 (Government of Botswana, 2008). Other achievements for the program include successful integration of PMTCT into sexual reproductive health services, increased PMTCT testing uptake to 98% in 2010 from 49% in 2002, adoption of routine HIV testing, early infant testing rollout, increased PMTCT (AZT/HAART) uptake to 93% in 2010 from 27% in 2002. Treatment PMTCT guidelines in Botswana emphasize on the importance of HAART for all HIV positive expectant women (Ministry of Health, 2008). The defined adult criteria indicate that pregnant women who initially test negative when registering for antenatal care, they should be retested at the 36th week or when labour sets in, so as to detect intercurrent infection during the term. HIV positive pregnant women who are not yet on HAART are expected to have CD4 count and clinical screening as a priority and it should be expedited. Further on, the guidelines dictate that all pregnant women eligible for HAART should be started without exception. In no circumstance that HART should be deferred till the second semenster even if the womans immune status is poor. During labour, all women who are on HAART should be administered with high dose AZT and not sd-NVP. Those women not eligible for HAART should be put on short-course AZT 300mg BD as from the 28th week (Ministry of Health, 2008). Factors Affecting Uptake of ART in PMTCT The WHO identifies Botswana as one of the 22 priority countries that require PMTCT services (UNICEF, 2016). It is recommended that with effective scaling up of PMTCT in Botswana and the other countries can prevent over 250,000 new infections each year (World Health Organization (WHO), 2013). Whereas Botswanas PMTCT has evidenced significant achievement, it is also plagued by challenges and barriers which hamper the uptake. Botswanas PMTCT programme faces a number of challenges which include weak infant follow-up, testing and initiation on HAART, suboptimal access to HAART among all eligible patients, male involvement and participation, inadequate implementation of routine and rapid HIV testing, and inadequate implementation of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) counselling (Keapoletswe, 2010). Socio-demographic factors Knowledge and individual beliefs There is an established link between knowledge of HIV and PMTCT and the uptake of PMTCT services. Studies in Botswana (Creek, et al., 2009) and Togo (Boateng, Kwapong, Agyei-Baffour, 2013) are some examples that demonstrate this link. The studies show mixed responses on factors such as HIV testing, and acceptability of PMTCT. Poor knowledge of HIV transmission and ARV drugs has also been highlighted in several studies as one of the reasons for dropping out of PMTCT programmes (Peltzer, Mlambo, Phaswana-Mafuya, Ladzani, 2010; Kiarie, Kreiss, Richardson, John-Stewart, 2003). Pregnant mothers may also harbour doubts about the efficacy of ART in MTCT (Kiarie, Kreiss, Richardson, John-Stewart, 2003; Duff, Rubaale, Kipp, 2012), or have beliefs that ARVs can cause HIV (Towle Lende, 2008), or ARVs causes harm to the unborn child (Stinson Myer, 2012). Cultural beliefs and gender dynamics In most of Botswana, the traditional gender roles and cultural beliefs are sustained. Typically, men are the one who make decisions that determine the woman's participation in HIV testing and the corresponding uptake of PMTCT services (Avert, 2016). Just like in most African communities, in Botswana, pregnancy is viewed as a womans affair and the mans primary role is to provide financial support. Men rarely accompany their women to antenatal clinics for PMTCT services due to the stereotype. A man accompanying his wife to the antenatal clinic often evokes negative attitude from community members as reported in the case of Uganda (Byamugisha, Tumwine, Semiyaga, Tylleskr, 2010). Marital status Marital status has a mixed impact on the uptake of PMTCT. Whereas some studies report that a married marital status negatively influences the uptake of PMTCT services (Muyoti, 2007), other studies show that unmarried HIV positive expectant mothers do not access PMTCT services and acquire ARV drugs as much as married women do (Gourlay, et al., 2015). The relationship between marital status and the uptake of PMTCT among Botswana mothers is yet to be clearly established. The level of education Women with a high level of education have demonstrated more positive attitudes towards PMTCT uptake compared to their counterparts (Muyoti, 2007). Drawing on Botswanas education profile, the characteristics of PMTCT seeking behaviour can be drawn. Area Women in rural areas are generally disadvantaged in ARV uptake (Gourlay, et al., 2015). Accessing PMTCT services including ART drugs is a particular challenge to pregnant women in rural parts of African countries. this may be attributed to distance, time and cost of travel to access health services (Gourlay, et al., 2013). Patient-Related Factors Psychological factors A review of literature reveals that there are psychological barriers that affect the initiation and adherence to PMTCT services. Some studies have reported that women describe depression, shock or denial upon learning about their status during antenatal visits (Painter, et al., 2004; Stinson Myer, 2012), they also express fears about their condition and death (Nkonki, Doherty, Hill, Schaay, Kendall, 2007; Duff, Kipp, Wild, Rubaale, Okech-Ojony, 2010), and are also concerned about handling the side effects and the lifelong treatment. The desire to regain health and protect the health of the unborn child are facilitating factors to initiating and continuing with ART (Theilgaard, et al., 2011; Stinson Myer, 2012). Disease progression pregnant women tend to seek PMTCT services depending on the presentation of the disease. Studies have revealed that pregnant women suffering from the disease but lack the symptoms do not feel the need for ARVs for PMTCT (Levy, 2009; Theilgaard, et al., 2011). Personal management and supply of treatment Some patients may lose or sell the tablets, while other may forget to take them or may run out. This may affect the adherence of pregnant women to ARV (Mepham, Zondi, Mbuyazi, Mkhwanazi, Newell, 2011; Kiarie, Kreiss, Richardson, John-Stewart, 2003). There are also issues pertaining to tolerability (e.g. vomiting) (Laher, et al., 2012). Partners Some women fear disclosing their status to their partners and family members. Non-disclosure to partners has been associated with not attending HIV clinics for ART, and not ingesting ARVs (Gourlay, Birdthistle, Mburu, Iorpenda, Wringe, 2013). Lack of partner support is a hindrance whereas support serves as a facilitating factor (Awiti, et al., 2011) Drug-related factors The type of ARV regimen that one takes during pregnancy also influences adherence. For instance, according to a study in Kenya, women taking NVP are more likely to adhere when compared to those taking twice-daily AZT (Kiarie, Kreiss, Richardson, John-Stewart, 2003). Also, women on cART are more likely to adhere compared to those on NVP alone (Stringer, et al., 2010). It is also hypothesised that the increasing complexity and duration of drug regimens may be having a negative effect on access to ARVS, and subsequent adherence. Factors related to patient-health care provider The interactions between the patient and staff may also have an impact on ART-seeking behaviours. Most women have cited negative staff attitudes as a barrier to revisit the facilities (Winestone, et al., 2012; O'Gorman, Nyirenda, Theobald, 2010; Varga Brookes, 2008), and this limits the opportunity to receive ART. Fear of confidentiality breach may also serve as a hindrance factor. Notably, in most African settings, patient-staff interaction, young HIV positive pregnant mothers have expressed facing discrimination during these interactions (Gourlay A., et al., 2014). Overall, some patient does experience difficulties with clinical staff or procedures and this has a negative impact on ART uptake. Factors Related to Health Care System Botswanas health system is also characterised with factors that may hinder the uptake of ART for PMTCT. A number of studies (Duff, Kipp, Wild, Rubaale, Okech-Ojony, 2010; Painter, et al., 2004; Theilgaard, et al., 2011) have revealed that one of the major barriers to PMTCT ART uptake is the shortage of trained clinic staff. Those available are overwhelmed by the high patient volume and this contributes to extended waiting periods, staff stress, staff misunderstandings, poor quality counselling sessions, and staff fails. Another factor related to the health care system is the shortage of resources (including ARVs) (Sprague, Chersich, Black, 2011; Doherty, Chopra, Nsibande, Mngoma, 2009), poor integration of services, referrals and tracking systems (Winestone, et al., 2012), and poor record keeping (Sprague, Chersich, Black, 2011). Accessibility of services is another important factor affecting access to PMTCT among pregnant women. The distance to facilities and the frequency of visits required is a particular challenge especially for those in rural areas (O'Gorman, Nyirenda, Theobald, 2010). In addition, the costs (perceived or real) of maternity services and treatment are also a concern among many women, especially in light of the low economic status. Late presentation to antenatal clinics is also a barrier to accessing ART. Factors to Improve Improve decentralisation of PMTCT services to more rural areas Maintain regular supplies of HIV test kits and drugs Prioritise testing and enrolment for symptomatic women regardless of the symptomatic state. Promote male involvement Improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding ART uptake and general PMTCT among women of childbearing age. Women should be educated on the benefits of ANC/PMTCT services and the corresponding adherence. Improve efforts to address HIV stigma, discrimination, and PMTCT. HIV stigmatisation and overall stereotyping hampers PMTCT-seeking behaviours. Fundamental health system issues such as accessibility, staffing, partner support, confidentiality, and disclosure also need addressing. Botswana can also benefit from strengthening health systems to enhance counselling and partner/community support in order to improve uptake. References Avert. (2016). Prevention Of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Of HIV. Retrieved from Avert: https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-programming/prevention/prevention-mother-child#footnote18_gr1jzep Awiti, U. O., Ekstrom, A., Ilako, F., Indalo, D., Wamalwa, D., Rubenson, B. (2011). Reasoning and deciding PMTCT-adherence during pregnancy among women living with HIV in Kenya. Culture Health and Sex, 829-40. Boateng, D., Kwapong, G. D., Agyei-Baffour, P. (2013). Knowledge, perception about antiretroviral therapy (ART) and prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) and adherence to ART among HIV positive women in the Ashanti Region, Ghana: a cross-sectional study. BMC Women's Health, 1-8. Byamugisha, R., Tumwine, J. K., Semiyaga, N., Tylleskr, T. (2010). Determinants of male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme in Eastern Uganda: a cross-sectional survey. Reproductive Health, 7-12. Creek, T., Ntumy, R., Mazhani, L., Moore, J., Smith, M., Han, G., . . . Kilmarx, P. H. (2009). Factors Associated with Low Early Uptake of a National Program to Prevent Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT): Results of a Survey of Mothers and Providers, Botswana, 2003. AIDS and Behaviour, 356364. Doherty, T., Chopra, M., Nsibande, D., Mngoma, D. (2009). mproving the coverage of the PMTCT programme through a participatory quality improvement intervention in South Africa. BMC Public Health. Duff, P., Kipp, W., Wild, T., Rubaale, T., Okech-Ojony, J. (2010). Barriers to accessing highly active antiretroviral therapy by HIV-positive women attending an antenatal clinic in a regional hospital in western Uganda. J Int AIDS Soc. Duff, P., Rubaale, T., Kipp, W. (2012). Married men's perceptions of barriers for HIV-positive pregnant women accessing highly active antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda. Internal Journal of Womens Health, 22733. Gourlay, A., Birdthistle, I., Mburu, G., Iorpenda, K., Wringe, A. (2013). Barriers and facilitating factors to the uptake of antiretroviral drugs for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18588. Gourlay, A., Mshana, G., Wringe, A., Urassa, M., Mkwashapi, D., Birdthistle, I., Zaba, B. (2013). arriers to uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services in rural Tanzania: a qualitative study. Global Maternal Health Conference. Gourlay, A., Wringe, A., Birdthistle, I., Mshana, G., Michael, D., Urassa, M. (2014). It is like that, we didn't understand each other: exploring the influence of patient-provider interactions on prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV service use in rural Tanzania. PLoS One, e106325. Gourlay, A., Wringe, A., Todd, J., Cawley, C., Michael, D., Machemba, R., . . . Zaba, B. (2015). Factors associated with uptake of services to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in a community cohort in rural Tanzania . Health services research, 1-8. Government of Botswana. (2008). Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT). Gaborone: MOH. Keapoletswe, K. (2010). Botswana pmtct program. Gaberone. Kiarie, J., Kreiss, J., Richardson, B., John-Stewart, G. (2003). Compliance with antiretroviral regimens to prevent perinatal HIV-1 transmission in Kenya. AIDS, 6571. Kweneng District Council. (2011). PMTCT. Retrieved from www.gov.bw: https://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Local-Authorities/Kweneng-District-Council/Tools-and-Services/Services/PMTCT/ Laher, F., Cescon, A., Lazarus, E., Kaida, A., Makongoza, M., Hogg, R. (2012). Conversations with mothers: exploring reasons for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) failures in the era of programmatic scale-up in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS Behav. , 91-98. Levy, J. (2009). Women's expectations of treatment and care after an antenatal HIV diagnosis in Lilongwe, Malawi. Reprod Health Matters, 15261. Mepham, S., Zondi, Z., Mbuyazi, A., Mkhwanazi, N., Newell, M. (2011). Challenges in PMTCT antiretroviral adherence in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. AIDS Care, 7417. Muyoti, D. (2007). Barriers to the uptake of prevention of mother-to child transmission ( PMTCT ) of HIV interventions among women in Kibera slum , Kenya. 823. Nkonki, L., Doherty, T., Hill, Z. C., Schaay, N., Kendall, C. (2007). issed opportunities for participation in prevention of mother to child transmission programmes: simplicity of nevirapine does not necessarily lead to optimal uptake, a qualitative study. AIDS Res Ther. O'Gorman, D., Nyirenda, L., Theobald, S. (2010). Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection: views and perceptions about swallowing nevirapine in rural Lilongwe, Malawi. BMC Public Health., 354. Painter, T., Diaby, K., Matia, D., Lin, L., Sibailly, T., Kouassi, MK. (2004). Women's reasons for not participating in follow up visits before starting short course antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV: qualitative interview study. Br Med J, 5436. Peltzer, K., Mlambo, M., Phaswana-Mafuya, N., Ladzani, R. (2010). Determinants of adherence to a single-dose nevirapine regimen for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Gert Sibande district in South Africa. Acta Paediatrica, 12537. Sprague, C., Chersich, M., Black, V. (2011). Health system weaknesses constrain access to PMTCT and maternal HIV services in South Africa: a qualitative enquiry. AIDS Res Ther. Stinson, K., Myer, L. (2012). Barriers to initiating antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy: a qualitative study of women attending services in Cape Town, South Africa. African Journal of AIDS Research, 6573. Stringer, E., Ekouevi, D., Coetzee, D., Tih, P., Creek, T., Stinson, K. (2010). Coverage of nevirapine-based services to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in 4 African countries. JAMA, 293302. Theilgaard, Z., Katzenstein, T., Chiduo, M., Pahl, C., Bygbjerg, I., Gerstoft, J. (2011). Addressing the fear and consequences of stigmatization a necessary step towards making HAART accessible to women in Tanzania: a qualitative study. AIDS Res Ther. Towle, M., Lende, D. (2008). Community approaches to preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission: perspectives from rural Lesotho. African Journal of AIDS Research, 21928. UNICEF. (2016, December). Great Progress in reducing new HIV infections among children, but not fast enough. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/emtct/ Varga, C., Brookes, H. (2008). Factors influencing teen mothers enrollment and participation in prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission services in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Qual Health Res. , 786802. Winestone, L., Bukusi, E., Cohen, C., Kwaro, D., Schmidt, N., Turan, J. (2012). Acceptability and feasibility of integration of HIV care services into antenatal clinics in rural Kenya: a qualitative provider interview study. Global Public Helath, 149-63. World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. Geneva: WHO.

William J. Clinton - State of the Union Address 1996 free essay sample

Describe and explain the atheistic rejection of miracles Essay Example

Describe and explain the atheistic rejection of miracles Essay Example Describe and explain the atheistic rejection of miracles Essay Describe and explain the atheistic rejection of miracles Essay The existence of miracles is much debated amongst scholars, both atheist and theist. This is largely because the term miracle’ is multifaceted, as it means different things to different people. This subjectivity makes it incredibly hard to prove or disprove. For example, St Augustine said that a miracle is, An event we cannot forecast or expect with our present understanding of nature, whereas Aquinas defines a miracle as, things which are done by divine agency beyond the order commonly observed in nature.Swinburne offers an additional definition: If he (God) has reason to interact with us, he has reason very occasionally to intervene and suspend those natural laws by which our life is controlled. These competing definitions have a common link: they all involve the divine interfering with nature. The atheist disbelieves or lacks belief in the existence of God or gods. Therefore it follows that they would reject the idea of divine intervention. Nevertheless, atheists have produced many detailed critiques of theistic miracles. In examining such critiques a good place to start would be the writings of Hume.In An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748, David Hume defined a miracle as, a transgression of a law of nature by a particular violation of the Deity or by the interposition of some invisible agent. Hume’s attack on miracles seems to be on the anti-realist view: the breaking into the world or breaking natural laws. He argued that breaking such laws would be illogical. Hume was an empiricist, which means that he used his experience as his guide in matters of fact. But he excluded the experiences of others who made claim to miracles.He put forward four main arguments of why this could not be possible, starting with his belief that there has never been sufficient witness. Miracles are of necessity very rare and improbable. It is much more probable that the historical testimony is false than that the miracle actually occurred; therefore a wise man will not believe the historical testimony to the miracle since no testimony is sufficient to establish a miracle.Hume would only believe in a miracle if its non-occurrence was more miraculous than the occurrence. However, Hume has very high standards for what a sufficient witness would be. They must be educated and held in high regard, and there must be an unspecified large number of them. Would Hume himself even qualify as a good witness using this criteria? Here Swinburne’s principle of credulity and testimony is a relevant counter argument to Hume; Swinburne argued that if it seems to a subject that x is present, then probably x is present. Generally, says Swinburne, it is reasonable to believe that the world is probably as we experience it to be.Secondly, those testifying to the miracle will have a natural tendency to suspend their reason and support the claim. While we should normally believe that which most closely accords itself with past experience, the sensations of surprise and wonder often lead us to unreasonable beliefs. There are countless instances fictitious stories that are widely believed not for logical reasons, but because of a love for sensationalism. This ties into Hume’s third criticism, where he argues miracles are only accepted in, ignorant and barbarous nations. If a nation is not as scientifically advanced as us, then they may take events we know to be natural as miracles. An example of this would be solar and lunar eclipses. We have a scientific explanation, but in many countries around the world they are still viewed as supernatural occurrences – in other words, they believe them to be miracles.Finally, Hume’s fourth point argues that all major religions claim miracles, and that they can’t all be correct; therefore none of them are legitimate. This is probably the weakest of all of Hume’s arguments, because even the Bible has records of Jews and Gentiles witnessing the same miracles. Hume is not necessarily saying that miracles are impossible and do not happen. What he is saying is that the evidence will always be insufficient to warrant belief.Other scholars have built upon the work of Hume to criticise miracles further. Anthony Flew also challenges the conventional idea of miracles and his work can be used to supplement that of Hume. Flew claims that although the evidence for extraordinary events at places like Lourdes is good, this does not prove that the extraordinary events have been brought about by the agency of God. Perhaps, instead, we may be dealing with evidence of the remarkable power of the human mind. It may be possible that, under the right conditions, our minds can bring about changes in our bodies. Flew’s claim is that breaches of what we understand to be natural law can occur by the proper response should be to spend more money on research rather than to say God did it. However, it is worth noting that Flew renounced his atheist views only six years before his death.Another key criticism of miracles is that laws of nature’ may not even exist. John Hick defines natural laws as generalisations formulated retrospectively to cover whatever has, in fact, happened, in which case, bearing in mind that a miracle is a breech of the natural law, he argues, We can declare a priori that there ar e no miracles. Upon this basis, the occurrence of an unusual, previously unwitnessed event should make us widen our understanding of the natural law so as to incorporate the possibility of the new event.If we take every new event as a miracle we will never be able to learn and expand our knowledge about nature. Ultimately, atheists accuse theists of being ignorant when it comes to miracles. Just because you can’t explain an occurrence doesn’t mean that it is an act of God. New things are being discovered about nature and how it functions all the time. What we believe to be impossible now may be proven otherwise in the future. To quote Atkins, To believe in miracle is intellectual suicide.

Social Media and Its Impact Worldwide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Media and Its Impact Worldwide - Essay Example Some of the websites include social bookmarking such as Blinklist; social news, e.g. Propeller; social networking e.g. Facebook; social photo and video sharing, e.g. YouTube; wikis, e.g. Wikipedia. Social media has both the negative and the positive impact on the users. However, as much as we criticize social media, the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. Social media connects people, allows them to interact with different people and hence exposes them to different opinions and ideas (Pernisco 5). People are also given an opportunity to share their opinions with a wide variety of social media users. This kind of interaction has made the world smaller. People can communicate with friends and beloved ones from any part of the world. Information is passed much faster compared to other media, and organizing events and workshops have been made easier especially for the young generation since it is easier to find them on social media than anywhere else. Businesses and individuals are using so cial media for advertising (Faraz and Zohaib 2). For companies to prosper in this generation, they must embrace social media. In social media, one is able to contact more friends than they would if they did it personally. Therefore, companies are taking advantage of this to advertise their products online. Zuckerberg's Facebook is the most successful social media with over 500 million users, and the number is still increasing. Many companies have turned to Facebook for their advertising by creating groups, pages, events, and social ads. These Facebook tools are used to promote a company’s product. Discussions about the products are generated, and the consumers are enlightened more about the product. Pictures, videos, and links are also shared (Faraz and Zohaib 3). In job hunting, the network is key, and hence, individuals are creating their profiles on various websites for the target employers to view them and offer them jobs. Children and adolescents have benefited a lot fro m social networking. They can connect with their mates and exchange notes on their school work.

Climate Disruption Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Climate Disruption - Term Paper Example The intention of this study is climate change that is definitively happening, and the consensus is that the major cause of this climate change is man-made. The theory as to why climate change is occurring centers around greenhouse gases. Karl & Tremberth explain that these gases, which include carbon dioxide that results from burning fossil fuel accumulates in the atmosphere, and this is what causes global warming. This effect has been seen worldwide. They also state that the concrete jungles of cities makes the cities hotter than more rural areas, because of the pollution in these areas causes urban heat islands. Other places where there are regionally warmer temperatures includes Amazonia and Sahel, because of deforestation and desertification. Cloud feedback, in which clouds trap long-wave radiation, is another cause of warming. Alternately, cloud feedback may cause global coolling if the clouds reflect solar radiation . Man has contributed to the global warming problem in a signi ficant way. One way is through emissions from fuel burning, which causes oxidized gases which can become strongly absorbing aerosols, such as black carbon or soot. This interacts with the clouds and moisture, and this leads to neat heating. These aerosols also affect the climate by reflecting solar radiation and affect the climate indirectly by changing the reflective properties of clouds and the clouds’ lifetimes. The overall consensus is that global climate change is due to man-made activities, and that climate change has dire consequences for our ecosystems and land masses throughout the world. Evidence Regarding Climate Change The scientific consensus is that the cause of climate change is due to an increase in greenhouse gases. There are a variety of studies which support this claim, and Oreskes (2004) contends, essentially, that the debate on climate change is not over, for there are no significant dissenting opinions on the matter. Climate change is real, it is caused by greenhouse gases and it is not the result of a natural warming trend. In her article â€Å"The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change,† Oreskes takes on the individuals who would deny climate change and refutes their arguments, one by one. She begins by stating that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was created in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Program, has stated unequivocally that the scientific consensus on the matter is that human activity is affecting the earth’s temperatures. They state that the observed warming over the past 50 years is due to the greenhouse gas concentrations. Oreskes observes that the IPCC was formed for political reasons, not to foster new research, and this is because the matter of climate change is one which is highly political. This might make the panel suspect, ecept that Oreske contends that all the major scientific bodies in the United States with expertise o n the matter have issued reports stating the same thing – that greenhouse gases has caused the earth’s temperature to rise. They also have consensus that the rise in these temperatures are over and above natural warming trends that might have happened within this period (Oreskes, 2004). Oreskes has also reviewed the contents of scientifically reviewed papers which have been published in recent years, noting that these papers must be scientifically sound, as they are published in peer-reviewed papers and must pass the scrutiny of critical, expert colleagues. Oreskes notes that the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) has indeed all the papers which have been refereed by scientific journals, and are able to sample the scientific literature on any given subject, which provides an unbiased view of the subject. The ISI examined abstracts for 928 papers published between the years 1993 and 2003, and found that, after using the keyword phrase â€Å"global climate chang e† to discern the contents of articles about this subject that not one of the papers

Education policy Essay Example for Free

Education policy Essay Education the basic need Object of Education: Importance of Education: Background of Pakistan’s Educational System Educational System in Pakistan: Key Performance Indicators for Education Systems PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN 1. Medium of Education: 2. Disparity of System at Provincial Level: 3. Gender Discrimination: 4. Lack of Technical Education:: 5. Low allocation of funds: 6. Inefficient Teachers: 7. Poverty: 8. Corruption: 9. Social imbalance: 10. Mismanagement of System: 11. Infrastructure Problems: 12. Private school system: 13. Lack of educational policies: 14. Increase in population: 15. Lack of attention of the authorities: 16. Lack of uniform educational system: 17. Medium of Instruction: 18. Education as a business: 19. Delay in renewal of policies and syllabus 20. Political Interference: SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: 1. English should be medium of Instruction: 2. Talented and qualified Staff 3. Fulfill the lack of teachers 4. Primary education should be made compulsory: 5. Increase in teachers incentives 6. Translation of foreign research to local language 7. Check on distinctive education:- 8. Scholarships and financial support to students: 9. Special Financial packages: 10. Betterment of education policies and teachers workshop: 11. Infused Technical Education: 12. Promotion of primary education: Conclusion Essay Education the basic need Education is the light of the life. Education proves to one of the most important factors for the development of human civilization. Education enhances human status and leads everyone to propriety. it is a continuous and lifelong process. It attributes most important, precious and permanent property of an individual. Education provides manpower, strengthens national unity and uplifts public awareness. It invites positive and constructive change in life. It makes our life really prosperous and meaningful. Everyone wants to be well educated. Life can be successful by the help of appropriate education. Educated person can only judge what is correct and what is wrong And takes the appropriate and right decision but uneducated person fails to do so. Object of Education: Robert Maynard Hutchins describes it as â€Å"The object of education is to prepare the young to educate themselves throughout their lives. † We should give our youth the way to educate themselves. Edward Everett said that â€Å"Education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army. † Importance of Education: We all know the importance of education. It is the most important aspect of any nation’s survival today. Education builds the nations; it determines the future of a nation. ISLAM also tells us about Education and its importance. The real essence of Education according to ISLAM is â€Å"to know ALLAH† but I think in our country we truly lost. Neither our schools nor our madrassa’s (Islamic Education Centres) are truly educating our youth in this regard. In schools, we are just preparing them for â€Å"Money†. We aren’t educating them we are just preparing â€Å"Money Machines†. We are only increasing the burden of the books for our children and just enrolling them in a reputed, big school for what, just for social status On the other hand in our madrassas we are preparing people who finds very difficult to adjust in the modern society. Sometimes it seems that they are from another planet. A madrassa student can’t compete even in our country then the World is so far from him. He finds very difficult to even speak to a school boy. It is crystal clear that Islamic Education is necessary for Muslims but it is also a fact that without modern education no one can compete in this world. There are many examples of Muslim Scholars who not only study the Holy Quraan but also mastered the other subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Astronomy and many more, with the help of Holy Quraan. I think with the current education system we are narrowing the way for our children instead of widening it. There is no doubt that our children are very talented, both in schools and in madrassas, we just need to give them proper ways to groom, give them the space to become Quaid-E-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Allama Iqbal, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Alberoni, Abnalhasam, or Einstein, Newton, Thomas Edison. The education system we are running with is not working anymore. We have to find a way to bridge this gap between school and madrassa. Background of Pakistan’s Educational System Numerous international assessments could explore that Pakistan is lagging behind many countries in achieving the Education for All goal (EFA). We were the signatory to the treaty under Dakar Framework where it was decided by all the developing countries that they will be trying to achieve the target of EFI in the meeting held in Senegal in 2000. UNESCO rates in Pakistan are at a lower EFA development Index (EDI) because of low; enrolment at primary school, adult literacy, gender equity and equality, equalities in education and quality of education. The adult literacy in Pakistan, in spite of concerted efforts, fail to go beyond the border line of 50 percent. The women literacy is much more belittling as thirty three percent of the adult women cannot even read. The more embracing would be that we would not be catching the target to achieve the adult literacy by 2015. Progress towards the achievement of the targets is exceptionally slow, while gender parity goal is at risk of not being achieved by 2015. Moreover, more than 6 million children are out of school. Educational System in Pakistan: Education system in Pakistan is really having a bad configuration at the moment. There is no doubt in accepting the fact that education stands the backbone for the development of nations. Looking at the history of nations, we may safely reach the conclusion that the advanced nations of the world could reach the zenith of prestige and power taking support from education. The allocations for education are too meager, and in spite of allocation, the amount is not spent for what it was meant for as the corruption is found in all the tiers of education and also because of the same delivery from the government institutions that is much below the desired and aspired levels. Private education in Pakistan is far reaching for the poor and the turnover of this quality education does not serve the country the way they are supposed to. Planning for education does not go in congruence with the needs and implement remains ever ignored, so by this way the system is getting more spoiled rather than flourishing. Our universities have failed to produce the planners, developers, implementers, and decision makers. Rather the turnover is a mismatch with the ground realities, the half backed persons we are producing are of no use to us. The students we come across are degree seekers rather than the knowledge. The increase in number of colleges and universities does not mean that we are going by the standards rather these are worsening, a simple evidence of which is that no Pakistani university could find a space among the top 1000 universities of the world. The socio-economic scenario is directly attached with the status of Education in the country. The developed world managed to scale up their education in line with the needs and market requirements. Despite the recent achievements, a lot more is needed to be done as the country still faces numerous challenges which cause deterrence. We are under obligation to raise the education of our population to the level of our South Asian neighbors, to combat our own social and economic wants to the satisfactory level. The very scale of Pakistan’s education sector more than 150,000 public education institutions serving over 21 million students and a huge private sector that serves another 12 million – presents formidable challenges. Education is found to be the cheapest and tangible defense mechanism for a nation on the social, political, and economic fronts. But the down trodden condition of education in Pakistan bears an ample testimony of the fact that it is unable to defend its own sector. Over the span of 64 years, the nation has been given the 23 policies and action plans but we could not start the march towards success and are waiting for a savior who could take the system out of turmoil. There were ample spending in the government of Pervaiz Musharraf on education and due to which, we could see the visible positive educational change in Pakistani society. Currently the economic situation in Pakistan is under severe stress and education sector has received the highest impact in Pakistan. The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan has led to the fact in the following words, â€Å"The state of Pakistan shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period. † In Human development Report, Pakistan is placed at 136th position because its 49. 9% population comes under the definition of education. The dropout rate is alarmingly high at the primary level; consequently, it is revealed by the Data Center of UNESCO, that 33. 8% females and 47. 18% in males could pass through the most initial level of education. We may be conclusive about the ground reality that people in the 6th largest country of the world have no access to the basic education even. Key Performance Indicators for Education Systems The frequently used indicators for assessing education and its systems are adult literacy rates, male and female enrollment at different levels of education, participation rate in the different areas of the country; the dropout rates, the amount of resources allocated to education as a proportion of the GDP and some measures of the quality of education being pursued. At the moment, the workability of these indicators rests on the footing of authenticated and recent data so that the planning details may be worked out with confidence. Irony of fate, the indicators, their footings and the quality of data all want more authenticity, but unfortunately, Pakistans record lacks objectivity and rationality on all counts. PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN 1. Medium of Education: The system of education in Pakistan is operative in match with the local needs and ground realities. It is almost a decisive factor that the education in the mother tongue surrenders more dividends but we have the system more segregated and diversified just contrary to our requirements. A good example of it is that we fail to decide about the Medium of education over the span of 64 years. Different mediums are operational in both, public and private sector. This creates a sort of disparity among people, dividing them into two segments. 21. Disparity of System at Provincial Level:: The Regions of Pakistan in the name of provinces are not at par as regards the infrastructure, availability of staff, their training, content mastery allocation of resources and their utilization. This develops a disparity not only in the system but in the turnover too. There is a need to revisit the schools in Baluchistan (The Largest Province of Pakistan by area) because these are not that much groomed as that of Punjab (The Largest Province of Pakistan by Population). In FATA, the literacy rate is deplorable constituting 29. 5% in males and 3% in females. The conditions are to be made more congenial about teaching and learning in all parts of the country without any discretion. 22. Gender Discrimination:: We should have know how of the population comprising females, unfortunately their education is not attended to the way it was deemed fit. The gender discrimination is a cause that is contributing towards the low participation rate of girls at the basic level of education. The male and female participation ratio is projected at the primary school in the shape of ratio of boys girls as 10:4 respectively. In the decade passed, government invited private sector to shoulder the responsibility of education of the youth. The intent was also to provide the education at the doorstep to the children especially the female students. The private sector took up the challenge and there was an increase in the growth of private schools but this step didn’t cause the increase in the students or the quality. The masses could not be attracted because of precious education. It created clear cut tiers of society and created a gap among those with the haves and have not’s. 23. Lack of Technical Education:: There is a craze for the white collar jobs for the same pupils. Select the general rut of education, though they have the least tilt or the capacity to cope with the demands. China, Japan and Germany have the ruts for those who have a taste for and do not achieve the excellence in the general rut of education. We have kept the opportunities open for all to participate in general education at all levels especially the university level. We could not attract the general masses towards technical education making them to earn of their own act as the entrepreneurs and make their living without being the burden on the government. Education system is needed to be revamped making a space for the science, IT, management, and pupil with the excellence to go to the higher education pursuing the education of their own choice. Lesser emphasis on technical education means the lesser manpower for industry and hence the lesser finance generation. 24. Low allocation of funds:: The allocation of funds for education is very low as it never went beyond 1. 5 to 2. 0 percent of the total GDP. Even this amount was not utilized and had to be surrendered back to the government because of want of expertise and the knowledge of codal formalities and in time release of funds. There is a need to increase it around 7% of the total GDP keeping in view the allocations by the neighboring countries, there is also a need to rationalize the share at the different levels not ignoring any. 25. Inefficient Teachers:: Government fails to attract the potential candidates for teaching with the zeal vigor and excellent carrier. Teaching is rated as the lowest among the jobs for the youth, because of lesser incentives, slow promotions and lesser fringe benefits. The teachers in government schools are not well groomed and equipped with knowledge and training. People who do not get job in any other sector, they try their luck in educational system. There is a need to reorganize pre-service and in-service trainings making them matched with the requirements rather to keep them ideal, unique and novel. 26. Poverty:: Poverty is growing over the years. The average class is vanishing like anything. It happens to be a curse for the nation that exists without having the average income group. The escalation of poverty has restricted the parents to send their children to tasks for child labor or at least to public or private schools. In these schools, the drop out is very high because schools are not the attractive places, the curriculum is dry and the teaching does not match the live situations. Poor parents are constrained to send their children to madressahs where the education is totally free. 27. Corruption:: Corruption causes the educational policies, plans and projects to fail because of being the major contributing factor. There is no accountability and transparency in the system, the salaries are low, the incentives are too less to be accounted and even those are uneven. An estimated Rs. 2,594 million out of a total of Rs. 7,016 million provided for improvement of school facilities such as buildings, electricity, drinkable water, etc had gone unaccounted during the fiscal periods 2001-06 (UNESCO Bano, 2007). Similarly, more than 70% literacy centers in Punjab remained inoperative or exist only on paper (ADBP, 2007). The chances of ghost schools should be evaded by involving the community in the processes of inspection and monitoring. 28. Social imbalance:: The students from the elite class follow the O and A levels curriculum instead of Pakistans routine orthodox and stagnant curriculum. They have little or no awareness of their religion and culture whereas those passing out from Urdu medium schools are usually destined to work in clerical and lower level positions. Religious madrassas churn out yet another class that is usually unaware of the world outside their own perception. 29. Mismanagement of System:: Teachers’ absenteeism, poor professional training, sub-standard materials and obsolete teaching methods act as the major contributive factors towards the low enrolment in schools. Burki (2005), opines that most of the public schools are either mismanaged or poorly managed. They are found imparting education of second-rate quality through substandard textbooks and curricula that do not cater the needs of the 21st century. The education should be based on learning outcomes through suggesting multiple books rather than following a single book as an obligation. 30. Infrastructure Problems:: The dropout rate of those lucky enough to be enrolled goes beyond 45% as has been divulged by the several reports. Most of the public sector educational institutions stay in a status of poor condition lacking even basic facilities, resultantly shaking the presupposed standards of education. There are four areas that snivel for pressing concentration which are curriculum, textbooks, examinations, and teacher training (Hoodbhoy, 2001). The textbooks need be made more facilitating, student and learning friendly. 31. Private school system:: Private Schools in Pakistan enroll more students than in other countries of the region. They least bother about the capacity and facilities available, they rather over burden the teaching staff. The rapid mushroom growth of private schools and academies of teaching reflect the peoples lack of trust in the public sector schools coupled with a deficiency of sufficient educational institutions to cater to the needs of the fast growing population. However, there are certain private schools which are slightly better than the public ones. In the elite schools where the quality education is offered, heavy fees is charged that continues to be a problem. These private sectors schools are meant only for a special sector of the population and are out of the reach of general masses. The private sector schools should be brought under the control of rules making these somewhat accessible for the common population. 32. Lack of educational policies:: The National Education Policy (1998-2010) was developed prior to Dakar. It has a clear cut vision and direction to support the education department. Since the 2001, the Ministry of Education has developed a number of policy documents including that of National Education policy (2009) but the endeavors remain focused on paper work more rather than the operationalization, though the involvement of NGOs and international development agencies is very much there. The simple reason is that the plans are vicious and not the ground reality based. The policies should be environment friendly. . 33. Increase in population:: Literacy in Pakistan has risen from 45 to 54 percent within the span of 2002 to 2006, simultaneously primary enrollment rates have also increased from 42 to 52 percent. The population explosion could not enable to catch the targets. In spite of the increase in the certain parameters, the participation rate in Pakistan remains the lowest in South Asia. Alongside it, there are marked male-female, inter-regional and rural-urban disparities: Only 22 percent of girls, compared to 47 percent boys, complete primary schooling. Female literacy in rural Baluchistan is only 32 percent compared to high urban male literacy rates (and 80 percent among the urban male in Sindh) 34. Lack of attention of the authorities:: Most of the criticisms leveled against the education procedures and practices may be rationalized through improving governance and accountability. It would be tangible and workable if we could go for considering the merit, enabling capacity building, increasing investments in education as an industry and finally giving the heir and fire powers to the administrative heads. The private sector and the banks should finance the educational milieu with confidence, as at the moment, we are spending 2. 3 percent of GDP which is the lowest in South Asia. 35. Lack of uniform educational system:: There is a crying need for quality which calls for homogeneity among the procedural formalities like the observance of the curriculum. Had it been uniform the working for it, further extension becomes easier and getting the intellect skimmed out of masses becomes possible. Currently, the poor are deprived of education in the elite institutions which are causing the development of a special class. This class doesn’t work for the nation; they work elsewhere but are fed through the national resources. 36. Medium of Instruction:: We took a long period in deciding that what our medium of instruction would be, till now we don’t have a clear picture before us. It is good to have the National language as the medium of communication provided; we have a rich treasure of knowledge. In our case, we do not fail to develop Urdu to cope with the intellectual needs nor do we translate the treasure of knowledge available for our national use. 37. Education as a business:: Education has been pursued by some of the people as an industry but because of being illiterates, they fail to cope up with the stipulated standards. The leader with vision spoils the mission as well as the projects undertaken. Their only intent is money making that has caused the decay in the standards, induction of sub-standard staff, and depriving the deserving to grow. They don’t want to catch with the move of success but they try to be good entrepreneurs. 38. Delay in renewal of policies and syllabus/Political Interference:: There is a need to continuously update the curriculum because if it goes stale, it does not equip the beneficiaries with the saleable skills and expertise. At the first place, the problems cited have arisen due to lack of commitment and inefficient management on the part of state. The policies lack long term vision and its implementation strategies are being affected by undue political interference. In addition to it, the measures taken are not evidence based and geared by the vested interests of the authorities. Whatever strategies have been applied failed to promote the rational and critical thinking skills amongst the students. At the second place, we find lack of resource commitment and realistic implementation alongside poor allocated resource utilization. As relevant statistics are not available, implementation of the education policy has not been successfully executed. At the third place, we come across weak budgetary planning because of staggered data and least coordination among the data maintaining units (USAID, 2006). The coordination, match with the assessment, project design and implementation are not to the desired level within the government and with the donor agencies. The harmonization is missing too between the federal and provincial governments which cause drastic problems in the policy implementation. The policy formulating, planning and implementing bodies work in isolation as the water tight compartments. The governments consultation is very much restricted and does not go beyond its specific quarters. It should have to be extended to non-state sectors to initiate and mobilize the action. Teachers does not normally form the part of policy making process, hence the process of sharing and consultation remains missing. It leads to implementation of educational policies without consultation, thus the efforts go in vain (UNESCO, 2007). Over the span of time, what we have learnt is to go for dialogue, and keeping the private and public sector on board. The matter of access to education and challenges to quality remain at stake as being unresolved despite much policy deliberation. Recently, Minister of Education announced a new Education policy for that next 10 years ignoring the fact that the previous educational policy span still persists that was from 1998 to 2010. The policy has projected new plans and promises to the nation pointing to the fact that all the public schools will be raised to the level of private schools within the shortest period of time. In the absence of a plan of action, the suggested plan of action would not work. The schools have been put under obligation to use the national curriculum and encourage the students of 5th and 8th class to take board exams. This has disturbed the students of private sector also. It is urged that the Universities should be the research centre’s and must not be allowed to act as the examining bodies for graduate or post-graduate examinations. Allocations are supposed to be made to the aspired levels as UNO suggests a country to allocate at least four percent of its GDP towards education but here in Pakistan we are just allocating less than two percents of GDP. Even that is not fully utilized because of procedural formalities. Suggested Solutions for Educational System: 13. English should be medium of Instruction: English language should be the medium of instruction from beginning to the higher levels of learning. National language should be a supporting language for communication facilitation and every day business. Efforts should be made to enhance the knowledge treasure in the national language through translation of the research based information. 14. Talented and qualified Staff Hiring should be made from amongst the highly qualified and the teachers should be paid not according to the level of education but the qualification of the staff. 15. Fulfill the lack of teachers: Efforts should be made to bring down the student-teacher ratio to 15:1 in lieu of current 40:1. Consequently, the number of teachers will have to be enhanced, leading to the rise in number of teachers and enabling the competent persons to be inducted to the system of education. 16. Primary education should be made compulsory: Primary education should be made compulsory and free (it is already free of cost but not compulsory). It should also be made appealing, impressive, interesting and utilitarian to attract the general masses. 17. Increase in teachers incentives Teachers should be offered more financial benefits by increasing their pays. 18. Translation of foreign research to local language University professors should be encouraged to conduct and share the research to the concerned stakeholders. They should also be asked to translate the foreign research into local languages for sharing it with the lower formations of education enabling them to implement/take benefit out of it. 19. Check on distinctive education:- Government should strictly check all private educational institutions for keeping a balance of standards and level of practices. 20. Scholarships and financial support to students: Students should be offered more scholarships and government should support the intelligent and outstanding students to prosper, develop and serve their local community rather than migrating to the big cities. 21. Special Financial packages: The dilemma here in Pakistan is that students are genius but they use their intelligence in negative way, hence, contributing nothing towards the development of country. Another problem with Pakistan is brain drain. Capable and outstanding professionals prefer foreign jobs instead of serving in their own country. This is due to the low financial benefits and indifferent attitude of government towards them. Recently Government should provide them facilities and special financial packages to encourage them to stay in their own country. 22. Betterment of education policies and teachers workshop: In the view of importance of education, the Government should take solid steps towards implementation instead of projecting policies. In this regard, the allocations should be made easy and timely from provinces to districts and then to educational institutes. Workshops must be arranged for teachers as a continuous feature for learning. 23. Infused Technical Education: Technical education should be infused into the regular system stream. The education board of Punjab has projected a plan to give tech- education to the children of industrial workers. 24. Promotion of primary education: Promotion of the primary education should be made possible by consulting teachers, professors and educationists while devising any plan, syllabus or policy for it. There should be a balance in reliance on public and private for enabling education to reach the general masses in its true shape. Students’ outlook is to be broadened by taking them out of the books into the practical realities. Education is the only cure of disability of the state and for bringing revolution through evolution and by eradicating the social evils through education. Conclusion Education serves as the backbone for the development of nations. The countries with the effective impressive need oriented, saleable and effective system of education comes out to be the leaders of the world, both socially and economically. It is only education which can turn a burden of population into productive human resource. Pakistans current state demands that the allocations for education be doubled to meet the challenges of EFI, gender disparity and provision of teachers in the work places earlier than 2018 as per stipulated qualifications. Millennium Development Goals are yet to be realized latest by 2015. The natural calamities, political turbulence, provincialisms, and political motivations make the best planned, fail. The allocations towards the sector of education could not be enhanced because of the earlier. We have to revisit our priorities to keep the country on the track of progress.